diff --git a/googlemock/include/gmock/gmock-actions.h b/googlemock/include/gmock/gmock-actions.h
index f95be3f03..fb33f7bfa 100644
--- a/googlemock/include/gmock/gmock-actions.h
+++ b/googlemock/include/gmock/gmock-actions.h
@@ -1480,68 +1480,72 @@ namespace internal {
 // TYPE DIRECTLY.
 struct ExcessiveArg {};
 
-// A helper class needed for implementing the ACTION* macros.
-template <typename Result, class Impl>
-class ActionHelper {
- public:
-  template <typename... Ts>
-  static Result Perform(Impl* impl, const std::tuple<Ts...>& args) {
-    static constexpr size_t kMaxArgs = sizeof...(Ts) <= 10 ? sizeof...(Ts) : 10;
-    return Apply(impl, args, MakeIndexSequence<kMaxArgs>{},
-                 MakeIndexSequence<10 - kMaxArgs>{});
+// Builds an implementation of an Action<> for some particular signature, using
+// a class defined by an ACTION* macro.
+template <typename F, typename Impl> struct ActionImpl;
+
+template <typename Impl>
+struct ImplBase {
+  struct Holder {
+    // Allows each copy of the Action<> to get to the Impl.
+    explicit operator const Impl&() const { return *ptr; }
+    std::shared_ptr<Impl> ptr;
+  };
+  using type = typename std::conditional<std::is_constructible<Impl>::value,
+                                         Impl, Holder>::type;
+};
+
+template <typename R, typename... Args, typename Impl>
+struct ActionImpl<R(Args...), Impl> : ImplBase<Impl>::type {
+  using Base = typename ImplBase<Impl>::type;
+  using function_type = R(Args...);
+  using args_type = std::tuple<Args...>;
+
+  ActionImpl() = default;  // Only defined if appropriate for Base.
+  explicit ActionImpl(std::shared_ptr<Impl> impl) : Base{std::move(impl)} { }
+
+  R operator()(Args&&... arg) const {
+    static constexpr size_t kMaxArgs =
+        sizeof...(Args) <= 10 ? sizeof...(Args) : 10;
+    return Apply(MakeIndexSequence<kMaxArgs>{},
+                 MakeIndexSequence<10 - kMaxArgs>{},
+                 args_type{std::forward<Args>(arg)...});
   }
 
- private:
-  template <typename... Ts, std::size_t... tuple_ids, std::size_t... rest_ids>
-  static Result Apply(Impl* impl, const std::tuple<Ts...>& args,
-                      IndexSequence<tuple_ids...>, IndexSequence<rest_ids...>) {
-    return impl->template gmock_PerformImpl<
-        typename std::tuple_element<tuple_ids, std::tuple<Ts...>>::type...>(
-        args, std::get<tuple_ids>(args)...,
-        ((void)rest_ids, ExcessiveArg())...);
+  template <std::size_t... arg_id, std::size_t... excess_id>
+  R Apply(IndexSequence<arg_id...>, IndexSequence<excess_id...>,
+          const args_type& args) const {
+    // Impl need not be specific to the signature of action being implemented;
+    // only the implementing function body needs to have all of the specific
+    // types instantiated.  Up to 10 of the args that are provided by the
+    // args_type get passed, followed by a dummy of unspecified type for the
+    // remainder up to 10 explicit args.
+    static const ExcessiveArg kExcessArg;
+    return static_cast<const Impl&>(*this).template gmock_PerformImpl<
+        /*function_type=*/function_type, /*return_type=*/R,
+        /*args_type=*/args_type,
+        /*argN_type=*/typename std::tuple_element<arg_id, args_type>::type...>(
+        /*args=*/args, std::get<arg_id>(args)...,
+        ((void)excess_id, kExcessArg)...);
   }
 };
 
-// A helper base class needed for implementing the ACTION* macros.
-// Implements constructor and conversion operator for Action.
-//
-// Template specialization for parameterless Action.
-template <typename Derived>
-class ActionImpl {
- public:
-  ActionImpl() = default;
+// Stores a default-constructed Impl as part of the Action<>'s
+// std::function<>. The Impl should be trivial to copy.
+template <typename F, typename Impl>
+::testing::Action<F> MakeAction() {
+  return ::testing::Action<F>(ActionImpl<F, Impl>());
+}
 
-  template <typename F>
-  operator ::testing::Action<F>() const {  // NOLINT(runtime/explicit)
-    return ::testing::Action<F>(new typename Derived::template gmock_Impl<F>());
-  }
-};
-
-// Template specialization for parameterized Action.
-template <template <typename...> class Derived, typename... Ts>
-class ActionImpl<Derived<Ts...>> {
- public:
-  explicit ActionImpl(Ts... params) : params_(std::forward<Ts>(params)...) {}
-
-  template <typename F>
-  operator ::testing::Action<F>() const {  // NOLINT(runtime/explicit)
-    return Apply<F>(MakeIndexSequence<sizeof...(Ts)>{});
-  }
-
- private:
-  template <typename F, std::size_t... tuple_ids>
-  ::testing::Action<F> Apply(IndexSequence<tuple_ids...>) const {
-    return ::testing::Action<F>(new
-                                typename Derived<Ts...>::template gmock_Impl<F>(
-                                    std::get<tuple_ids>(params_)...));
-  }
-
-  std::tuple<Ts...> params_;
-};
+// Stores just the one given instance of Impl.
+template <typename F, typename Impl>
+::testing::Action<F> MakeAction(std::shared_ptr<Impl> impl) {
+  return ::testing::Action<F>(ActionImpl<F, Impl>(std::move(impl)));
+}
 
 #define GMOCK_INTERNAL_ARG_UNUSED(i, data, el) \
   , const arg##i##_type& arg##i GTEST_ATTRIBUTE_UNUSED_
-#define GMOCK_ACTION_ARG_TYPES_AND_NAMES_UNUSED_                 \
+#define GMOCK_ACTION_ARG_TYPES_AND_NAMES_UNUSED_           \
   const args_type& args GTEST_ATTRIBUTE_UNUSED_ GMOCK_PP_REPEAT( \
       GMOCK_INTERNAL_ARG_UNUSED, , 10)
 
@@ -1582,30 +1586,28 @@ class ActionImpl<Derived<Ts...>> {
 
 #define GMOCK_INTERNAL_ACTION(name, full_name, params)                        \
   template <GMOCK_ACTION_TYPENAME_PARAMS_(params)>                            \
-  class full_name : public ::testing::internal::ActionImpl<                   \
-                        full_name<GMOCK_ACTION_TYPE_PARAMS_(params)>> {       \
-    using base_type = ::testing::internal::ActionImpl<full_name>;             \
-                                                                              \
+  class full_name {                                                           \
    public:                                                                    \
-    using base_type::base_type;                                               \
+    explicit full_name(GMOCK_ACTION_TYPE_GVALUE_PARAMS_(params))              \
+        : impl_(std::make_shared<gmock_Impl>(                                 \
+                GMOCK_ACTION_GVALUE_PARAMS_(params))) { }                     \
+    full_name(const full_name&) = default;                                    \
+    full_name(full_name&&) noexcept = default;                                \
     template <typename F>                                                     \
-    class gmock_Impl : public ::testing::ActionInterface<F> {                 \
+    operator ::testing::Action<F>() const {                                   \
+      return ::testing::internal::MakeAction<F>(impl_);                       \
+    }                                                                         \
+   private:                                                                   \
+    class gmock_Impl {                                                        \
      public:                                                                  \
-      typedef F function_type;                                                \
-      typedef typename ::testing::internal::Function<F>::Result return_type;  \
-      typedef                                                                 \
-          typename ::testing::internal::Function<F>::ArgumentTuple args_type; \
       explicit gmock_Impl(GMOCK_ACTION_TYPE_GVALUE_PARAMS_(params))           \
           : GMOCK_ACTION_INIT_PARAMS_(params) {}                              \
-      return_type Perform(const args_type& args) override {                   \
-        return ::testing::internal::ActionHelper<return_type,                 \
-                                                 gmock_Impl>::Perform(this,   \
-                                                                      args);  \
-      }                                                                       \
-      template <GMOCK_ACTION_TEMPLATE_ARGS_NAMES_>                            \
+      template <typename function_type, typename return_type,                 \
+                typename args_type, GMOCK_ACTION_TEMPLATE_ARGS_NAMES_>        \
       return_type gmock_PerformImpl(GMOCK_ACTION_ARG_TYPES_AND_NAMES_) const; \
       GMOCK_ACTION_FIELD_PARAMS_(params)                                      \
     };                                                                        \
+    std::shared_ptr<const gmock_Impl> impl_;                                  \
   };                                                                          \
   template <GMOCK_ACTION_TYPENAME_PARAMS_(params)>                            \
   inline full_name<GMOCK_ACTION_TYPE_PARAMS_(params)> name(                   \
@@ -1614,48 +1616,37 @@ class ActionImpl<Derived<Ts...>> {
         GMOCK_ACTION_GVALUE_PARAMS_(params));                                 \
   }                                                                           \
   template <GMOCK_ACTION_TYPENAME_PARAMS_(params)>                            \
-  template <typename F>                                                       \
-  template <GMOCK_ACTION_TEMPLATE_ARGS_NAMES_>                                \
-  typename ::testing::internal::Function<F>::Result                           \
-      full_name<GMOCK_ACTION_TYPE_PARAMS_(params)>::gmock_Impl<               \
-          F>::gmock_PerformImpl(GMOCK_ACTION_ARG_TYPES_AND_NAMES_UNUSED_)     \
-          const
+  template <typename function_type, typename return_type, typename args_type, \
+            GMOCK_ACTION_TEMPLATE_ARGS_NAMES_>                                \
+  return_type full_name<GMOCK_ACTION_TYPE_PARAMS_(params)>::gmock_Impl::      \
+  gmock_PerformImpl(GMOCK_ACTION_ARG_TYPES_AND_NAMES_UNUSED_) const
 
 }  // namespace internal
 
+// Similar to GMOCK_INTERNAL_ACTION, but no bound parameters are stored.
 #define ACTION(name)                                                          \
-  class name##Action : public ::testing::internal::ActionImpl<name##Action> { \
-    using base_type = ::testing::internal::ActionImpl<name##Action>;          \
-                                                                              \
+  class name##Action {                                                        \
    public:                                                                    \
-    using base_type::base_type;                                               \
-    name##Action() = default;                                                 \
-    /* Work around https://gcc.gnu.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=82134 */      \
-    name##Action(const name##Action&) { }                                     \
+   explicit name##Action() noexcept {}                                        \
+   name##Action(const name##Action&) noexcept {}                              \
     template <typename F>                                                     \
-    class gmock_Impl : public ::testing::ActionInterface<F> {                 \
+    operator ::testing::Action<F>() const {                                   \
+      return ::testing::internal::MakeAction<F, gmock_Impl>();                \
+    }                                                                         \
+   private:                                                                   \
+    class gmock_Impl {                                                        \
      public:                                                                  \
-      typedef F function_type;                                                \
-      typedef typename ::testing::internal::Function<F>::Result return_type;  \
-      typedef                                                                 \
-          typename ::testing::internal::Function<F>::ArgumentTuple args_type; \
-      gmock_Impl() {}                                                         \
-      return_type Perform(const args_type& args) override {                   \
-        return ::testing::internal::ActionHelper<return_type,                 \
-                                                 gmock_Impl>::Perform(this,   \
-                                                                      args);  \
-      }                                                                       \
-      template <GMOCK_ACTION_TEMPLATE_ARGS_NAMES_>                            \
+      template <typename function_type, typename return_type,                 \
+                typename args_type, GMOCK_ACTION_TEMPLATE_ARGS_NAMES_>        \
       return_type gmock_PerformImpl(GMOCK_ACTION_ARG_TYPES_AND_NAMES_) const; \
     };                                                                        \
   };                                                                          \
   inline name##Action name() GTEST_MUST_USE_RESULT_;                          \
   inline name##Action name() { return name##Action(); }                       \
-  template <typename F>                                                       \
-  template <GMOCK_ACTION_TEMPLATE_ARGS_NAMES_>                                \
-  typename ::testing::internal::Function<F>::Result                           \
-      name##Action::gmock_Impl<F>::gmock_PerformImpl(                         \
-          GMOCK_ACTION_ARG_TYPES_AND_NAMES_UNUSED_) const
+  template <typename function_type, typename return_type, typename args_type, \
+            GMOCK_ACTION_TEMPLATE_ARGS_NAMES_>                                \
+  return_type name##Action::gmock_Impl::gmock_PerformImpl(                    \
+      GMOCK_ACTION_ARG_TYPES_AND_NAMES_UNUSED_) const
 
 #define ACTION_P(name, ...) \
   GMOCK_INTERNAL_ACTION(name, name##ActionP, (__VA_ARGS__))
diff --git a/googlemock/include/gmock/gmock-generated-actions.h b/googlemock/include/gmock/gmock-generated-actions.h
index 844651357..9240ce9fb 100644
--- a/googlemock/include/gmock/gmock-generated-actions.h
+++ b/googlemock/include/gmock/gmock-generated-actions.h
@@ -296,7 +296,7 @@
 
 // Defines the copy constructor
 #define GMOCK_INTERNAL_DEFN_COPY_AND_0_VALUE_PARAMS() \
-    {}  // Work around https://gcc.gnu.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=82134
+    noexcept {}  // Avoid https://gcc.gnu.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=82134
 #define GMOCK_INTERNAL_DEFN_COPY_AND_1_VALUE_PARAMS(...) = default;
 #define GMOCK_INTERNAL_DEFN_COPY_AND_2_VALUE_PARAMS(...) = default;
 #define GMOCK_INTERNAL_DEFN_COPY_AND_3_VALUE_PARAMS(...) = default;
@@ -429,66 +429,66 @@
 #define GMOCK_ACTION_CLASS_(name, value_params)\
     GTEST_CONCAT_TOKEN_(name##Action, GMOCK_INTERNAL_COUNT_##value_params)
 
-#define ACTION_TEMPLATE(name, template_params, value_params)\
-  template <GMOCK_INTERNAL_DECL_##template_params\
-            GMOCK_INTERNAL_DECL_TYPE_##value_params>\
-  class GMOCK_ACTION_CLASS_(name, value_params) {\
-   public:\
-    explicit GMOCK_ACTION_CLASS_(name, value_params)\
-        GMOCK_INTERNAL_INIT_##value_params {}\
-    GMOCK_ACTION_CLASS_(name, value_params)(\
-        const GMOCK_ACTION_CLASS_(name, value_params)<\
-            GMOCK_INTERNAL_LIST_##template_params\
-            GMOCK_INTERNAL_LIST_TYPE_##value_params>&)\
-        GMOCK_INTERNAL_DEFN_COPY_##value_params\
-    template <typename F>\
-    class gmock_Impl : public ::testing::ActionInterface<F> {\
-     public:\
-      typedef F function_type;\
-      typedef typename ::testing::internal::Function<F>::Result return_type;\
-      typedef typename ::testing::internal::Function<F>::ArgumentTuple\
-          args_type;\
-      explicit gmock_Impl GMOCK_INTERNAL_INIT_##value_params {}\
-      return_type Perform(const args_type& args) override {\
-        return ::testing::internal::ActionHelper<return_type, gmock_Impl>::\
-            Perform(this, args);\
-      }\
-      template <GMOCK_ACTION_TEMPLATE_ARGS_NAMES_>\
-      return_type gmock_PerformImpl(GMOCK_ACTION_ARG_TYPES_AND_NAMES_) const;\
-      GMOCK_INTERNAL_DEFN_##value_params\
-    };\
-    template <typename F> operator ::testing::Action<F>() const {\
-      return ::testing::Action<F>(\
-          new gmock_Impl<F>(GMOCK_INTERNAL_LIST_##value_params));\
-    }\
-    GMOCK_INTERNAL_DEFN_##value_params\
-  };\
-  template <GMOCK_INTERNAL_DECL_##template_params\
-            GMOCK_INTERNAL_DECL_TYPE_##value_params>\
-  GMOCK_ACTION_CLASS_(name, value_params)<\
-      GMOCK_INTERNAL_LIST_##template_params\
-      GMOCK_INTERNAL_LIST_TYPE_##value_params> name(\
-          GMOCK_INTERNAL_DECL_##value_params) GTEST_MUST_USE_RESULT_;\
-  template <GMOCK_INTERNAL_DECL_##template_params\
-            GMOCK_INTERNAL_DECL_TYPE_##value_params>\
-  inline GMOCK_ACTION_CLASS_(name, value_params)<\
-      GMOCK_INTERNAL_LIST_##template_params\
-      GMOCK_INTERNAL_LIST_TYPE_##value_params> name(\
-          GMOCK_INTERNAL_DECL_##value_params) {\
-    return GMOCK_ACTION_CLASS_(name, value_params)<\
-        GMOCK_INTERNAL_LIST_##template_params\
-        GMOCK_INTERNAL_LIST_TYPE_##value_params>(\
-            GMOCK_INTERNAL_LIST_##value_params);\
-  }\
-  template <GMOCK_INTERNAL_DECL_##template_params\
-            GMOCK_INTERNAL_DECL_TYPE_##value_params>\
-  template <typename F>\
-  template <GMOCK_ACTION_TEMPLATE_ARGS_NAMES_>\
-  typename ::testing::internal::Function<F>::Result\
-      GMOCK_ACTION_CLASS_(name, value_params)<\
-          GMOCK_INTERNAL_LIST_##template_params\
-          GMOCK_INTERNAL_LIST_TYPE_##value_params>::gmock_Impl<F>::\
-              gmock_PerformImpl(\
+#define ACTION_TEMPLATE(name, template_params, value_params)                   \
+  template <GMOCK_INTERNAL_DECL_##template_params                              \
+            GMOCK_INTERNAL_DECL_TYPE_##value_params>                           \
+  class GMOCK_ACTION_CLASS_(name, value_params) {                              \
+   public:                                                                     \
+    explicit GMOCK_ACTION_CLASS_(name, value_params)(                          \
+        GMOCK_INTERNAL_DECL_##value_params)                                    \
+        GMOCK_PP_IF(GMOCK_PP_IS_EMPTY(GMOCK_INTERNAL_COUNT_##value_params),    \
+                    = default; ,                                               \
+                    : impl_(std::make_shared<gmock_Impl>(                      \
+                                GMOCK_INTERNAL_LIST_##value_params)) { })      \
+    GMOCK_ACTION_CLASS_(name, value_params)(                                   \
+        const GMOCK_ACTION_CLASS_(name, value_params)&)                        \
+        GMOCK_INTERNAL_DEFN_COPY_##value_params                                \
+    GMOCK_ACTION_CLASS_(name, value_params)(                                   \
+        GMOCK_ACTION_CLASS_(name, value_params)&&)                             \
+        GMOCK_INTERNAL_DEFN_COPY_##value_params                                \
+    template <typename F>                                                      \
+    operator ::testing::Action<F>() const {                                    \
+      return GMOCK_PP_IF(                                                      \
+          GMOCK_PP_IS_EMPTY(GMOCK_INTERNAL_COUNT_##value_params),              \
+                      (::testing::internal::MakeAction<F, gmock_Impl>()),      \
+                      (::testing::internal::MakeAction<F>(impl_)));            \
+    }                                                                          \
+   private:                                                                    \
+    class gmock_Impl {                                                         \
+     public:                                                                   \
+      explicit gmock_Impl GMOCK_INTERNAL_INIT_##value_params {}                \
+      template <typename function_type, typename return_type,                  \
+                typename args_type, GMOCK_ACTION_TEMPLATE_ARGS_NAMES_>         \
+      return_type gmock_PerformImpl(GMOCK_ACTION_ARG_TYPES_AND_NAMES_) const;  \
+      GMOCK_INTERNAL_DEFN_##value_params                                       \
+    };                                                                         \
+    GMOCK_PP_IF(GMOCK_PP_IS_EMPTY(GMOCK_INTERNAL_COUNT_##value_params),        \
+                , std::shared_ptr<const gmock_Impl> impl_;)                    \
+  };                                                                           \
+  template <GMOCK_INTERNAL_DECL_##template_params                              \
+            GMOCK_INTERNAL_DECL_TYPE_##value_params>                           \
+  GMOCK_ACTION_CLASS_(name, value_params)<                                     \
+      GMOCK_INTERNAL_LIST_##template_params                                    \
+      GMOCK_INTERNAL_LIST_TYPE_##value_params> name(                           \
+          GMOCK_INTERNAL_DECL_##value_params) GTEST_MUST_USE_RESULT_;          \
+  template <GMOCK_INTERNAL_DECL_##template_params                              \
+            GMOCK_INTERNAL_DECL_TYPE_##value_params>                           \
+  inline GMOCK_ACTION_CLASS_(name, value_params)<                              \
+      GMOCK_INTERNAL_LIST_##template_params                                    \
+      GMOCK_INTERNAL_LIST_TYPE_##value_params> name(                           \
+          GMOCK_INTERNAL_DECL_##value_params) {                                \
+    return GMOCK_ACTION_CLASS_(name, value_params)<                            \
+        GMOCK_INTERNAL_LIST_##template_params                                  \
+        GMOCK_INTERNAL_LIST_TYPE_##value_params>(                              \
+            GMOCK_INTERNAL_LIST_##value_params);                               \
+  }                                                                            \
+  template <GMOCK_INTERNAL_DECL_##template_params                              \
+            GMOCK_INTERNAL_DECL_TYPE_##value_params>                           \
+  template <typename function_type, typename return_type, typename args_type,  \
+            GMOCK_ACTION_TEMPLATE_ARGS_NAMES_>                                 \
+  return_type GMOCK_ACTION_CLASS_(name, value_params)<                         \
+      GMOCK_INTERNAL_LIST_##template_params                                    \
+      GMOCK_INTERNAL_LIST_TYPE_##value_params>::gmock_Impl::gmock_PerformImpl( \
           GMOCK_ACTION_ARG_TYPES_AND_NAMES_UNUSED_) const
 
 namespace testing {
diff --git a/googlemock/include/gmock/gmock-generated-actions.h.pump b/googlemock/include/gmock/gmock-generated-actions.h.pump
index 0bdb42e6f..982caf9c3 100644
--- a/googlemock/include/gmock/gmock-generated-actions.h.pump
+++ b/googlemock/include/gmock/gmock-generated-actions.h.pump
@@ -181,7 +181,7 @@ $range j 0..i-1
 
 $for i [[
 #define GMOCK_INTERNAL_DEFN_COPY_AND_$i[[]]_VALUE_PARAMS$if i == 0[[() \
-    {}  // Work around https://gcc.gnu.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=82134
+    noexcept {}  // Avoid https://gcc.gnu.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=82134
 ]] $else [[(...) = default;]]
 
 
@@ -243,66 +243,66 @@ $if i==1 [[P]] $elif i>=2 [[P$i]]
 
 $range k 0..n-1
 
-#define ACTION_TEMPLATE(name, template_params, value_params)\
-  template <GMOCK_INTERNAL_DECL_##template_params\
-            GMOCK_INTERNAL_DECL_TYPE_##value_params>\
-  class GMOCK_ACTION_CLASS_(name, value_params) {\
-   public:\
-    explicit GMOCK_ACTION_CLASS_(name, value_params)\
-        GMOCK_INTERNAL_INIT_##value_params {}\
-    GMOCK_ACTION_CLASS_(name, value_params)(\
-        const GMOCK_ACTION_CLASS_(name, value_params)<\
-            GMOCK_INTERNAL_LIST_##template_params\
-            GMOCK_INTERNAL_LIST_TYPE_##value_params>&)\
-        GMOCK_INTERNAL_DEFN_COPY_##value_params\
-    template <typename F>\
-    class gmock_Impl : public ::testing::ActionInterface<F> {\
-     public:\
-      typedef F function_type;\
-      typedef typename ::testing::internal::Function<F>::Result return_type;\
-      typedef typename ::testing::internal::Function<F>::ArgumentTuple\
-          args_type;\
-      explicit gmock_Impl GMOCK_INTERNAL_INIT_##value_params {}\
-      return_type Perform(const args_type& args) override {\
-        return ::testing::internal::ActionHelper<return_type, gmock_Impl>::\
-            Perform(this, args);\
-      }\
-      template <GMOCK_ACTION_TEMPLATE_ARGS_NAMES_>\
-      return_type gmock_PerformImpl(GMOCK_ACTION_ARG_TYPES_AND_NAMES_) const;\
-      GMOCK_INTERNAL_DEFN_##value_params\
-    };\
-    template <typename F> operator ::testing::Action<F>() const {\
-      return ::testing::Action<F>(\
-          new gmock_Impl<F>(GMOCK_INTERNAL_LIST_##value_params));\
-    }\
-    GMOCK_INTERNAL_DEFN_##value_params\
-  };\
-  template <GMOCK_INTERNAL_DECL_##template_params\
-            GMOCK_INTERNAL_DECL_TYPE_##value_params>\
-  GMOCK_ACTION_CLASS_(name, value_params)<\
-      GMOCK_INTERNAL_LIST_##template_params\
-      GMOCK_INTERNAL_LIST_TYPE_##value_params> name(\
-          GMOCK_INTERNAL_DECL_##value_params) GTEST_MUST_USE_RESULT_;\
-  template <GMOCK_INTERNAL_DECL_##template_params\
-            GMOCK_INTERNAL_DECL_TYPE_##value_params>\
-  inline GMOCK_ACTION_CLASS_(name, value_params)<\
-      GMOCK_INTERNAL_LIST_##template_params\
-      GMOCK_INTERNAL_LIST_TYPE_##value_params> name(\
-          GMOCK_INTERNAL_DECL_##value_params) {\
-    return GMOCK_ACTION_CLASS_(name, value_params)<\
-        GMOCK_INTERNAL_LIST_##template_params\
-        GMOCK_INTERNAL_LIST_TYPE_##value_params>(\
-            GMOCK_INTERNAL_LIST_##value_params);\
-  }\
-  template <GMOCK_INTERNAL_DECL_##template_params\
-            GMOCK_INTERNAL_DECL_TYPE_##value_params>\
-  template <typename F>\
-  template <GMOCK_ACTION_TEMPLATE_ARGS_NAMES_>\
-  typename ::testing::internal::Function<F>::Result\
-      GMOCK_ACTION_CLASS_(name, value_params)<\
-          GMOCK_INTERNAL_LIST_##template_params\
-          GMOCK_INTERNAL_LIST_TYPE_##value_params>::gmock_Impl<F>::\
-              gmock_PerformImpl(\
+#define ACTION_TEMPLATE(name, template_params, value_params)                   \
+  template <GMOCK_INTERNAL_DECL_##template_params                              \
+            GMOCK_INTERNAL_DECL_TYPE_##value_params>                           \
+  class GMOCK_ACTION_CLASS_(name, value_params) {                              \
+   public:                                                                     \
+    explicit GMOCK_ACTION_CLASS_(name, value_params)(                          \
+        GMOCK_INTERNAL_DECL_##value_params)                                    \
+        GMOCK_PP_IF(GMOCK_PP_IS_EMPTY(GMOCK_INTERNAL_COUNT_##value_params),    \
+                    = default; ,                                               \
+                    : impl_(std::make_shared<gmock_Impl>(                      \
+                                GMOCK_INTERNAL_LIST_##value_params)) { })      \
+    GMOCK_ACTION_CLASS_(name, value_params)(                                   \
+        const GMOCK_ACTION_CLASS_(name, value_params)&)                        \
+        GMOCK_INTERNAL_DEFN_COPY_##value_params                                \
+    GMOCK_ACTION_CLASS_(name, value_params)(                                   \
+        GMOCK_ACTION_CLASS_(name, value_params)&&)                             \
+        GMOCK_INTERNAL_DEFN_COPY_##value_params                                \
+    template <typename F>                                                      \
+    operator ::testing::Action<F>() const {                                    \
+      return GMOCK_PP_IF(                                                      \
+          GMOCK_PP_IS_EMPTY(GMOCK_INTERNAL_COUNT_##value_params),              \
+                      (::testing::internal::MakeAction<F, gmock_Impl>()),      \
+                      (::testing::internal::MakeAction<F>(impl_)));            \
+    }                                                                          \
+   private:                                                                    \
+    class gmock_Impl {                                                         \
+     public:                                                                   \
+      explicit gmock_Impl GMOCK_INTERNAL_INIT_##value_params {}                \
+      template <typename function_type, typename return_type,                  \
+                typename args_type, GMOCK_ACTION_TEMPLATE_ARGS_NAMES_>         \
+      return_type gmock_PerformImpl(GMOCK_ACTION_ARG_TYPES_AND_NAMES_) const;  \
+      GMOCK_INTERNAL_DEFN_##value_params                                       \
+    };                                                                         \
+    GMOCK_PP_IF(GMOCK_PP_IS_EMPTY(GMOCK_INTERNAL_COUNT_##value_params),        \
+                , std::shared_ptr<const gmock_Impl> impl_;)                    \
+  };                                                                           \
+  template <GMOCK_INTERNAL_DECL_##template_params                              \
+            GMOCK_INTERNAL_DECL_TYPE_##value_params>                           \
+  GMOCK_ACTION_CLASS_(name, value_params)<                                     \
+      GMOCK_INTERNAL_LIST_##template_params                                    \
+      GMOCK_INTERNAL_LIST_TYPE_##value_params> name(                           \
+          GMOCK_INTERNAL_DECL_##value_params) GTEST_MUST_USE_RESULT_;          \
+  template <GMOCK_INTERNAL_DECL_##template_params                              \
+            GMOCK_INTERNAL_DECL_TYPE_##value_params>                           \
+  inline GMOCK_ACTION_CLASS_(name, value_params)<                              \
+      GMOCK_INTERNAL_LIST_##template_params                                    \
+      GMOCK_INTERNAL_LIST_TYPE_##value_params> name(                           \
+          GMOCK_INTERNAL_DECL_##value_params) {                                \
+    return GMOCK_ACTION_CLASS_(name, value_params)<                            \
+        GMOCK_INTERNAL_LIST_##template_params                                  \
+        GMOCK_INTERNAL_LIST_TYPE_##value_params>(                              \
+            GMOCK_INTERNAL_LIST_##value_params);                               \
+  }                                                                            \
+  template <GMOCK_INTERNAL_DECL_##template_params                              \
+            GMOCK_INTERNAL_DECL_TYPE_##value_params>                           \
+  template <typename function_type, typename return_type, typename args_type,  \
+            GMOCK_ACTION_TEMPLATE_ARGS_NAMES_>                                 \
+  return_type GMOCK_ACTION_CLASS_(name, value_params)<                         \
+      GMOCK_INTERNAL_LIST_##template_params                                    \
+      GMOCK_INTERNAL_LIST_TYPE_##value_params>::gmock_Impl::gmock_PerformImpl( \
           GMOCK_ACTION_ARG_TYPES_AND_NAMES_UNUSED_) const
 
 namespace testing {