For certain inputs, the real schur decomposition might get stuck in a cycle.
Exceptional shifts are supposed to knock us out of that - but previously
they were only ever applied at iteration 10 and 30, which doesn't help if
the cycle starts after cycle 30. Modified to apply a shift every 16 iterations
(for reference, LAPACK seems to do it every 6 iterations).
Also added an assert in polynomial solver to verify that the schur decomposition
was successful.
Fixes#2633.