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105 Commits

Author SHA1 Message Date
Esteban Maya Cadavid
64b08da018 🚨 Fix mypy unused type ignore 2024-07-03 09:02:31 -05:00
Esteban Maya Cadavid
79a2ba84e5 🚨 Fix mypy warnings about primary_key in fieldInfo 2024-07-03 08:47:27 -05:00
Esteban Maya Cadavid
76d72cd32e Add support for safe access to PK int autotypes 2024-07-01 17:28:11 -05:00
github-actions
3b889e09f7 📝 Update release notes 2024-06-21 02:17:19 +00:00
Toby Penner
600da0a25c ✏️ Fix internal link in docs/tutorial/create-db-and-table.md (#911) 2024-06-20 21:16:56 -05:00
github-actions
96bfd855f8 📝 Update release notes 2024-06-05 01:52:54 +00:00
Alejandra
8416508d79 ✏️ Add missing step in create-db-and-table-with-db-browser.md (#976) 2024-06-05 01:52:36 +00:00
github-actions
f1bfebc9e2 📝 Update release notes 2024-06-05 00:00:30 +00:00
Lucien O
1263024be5 ✏️ Fix typo in docs/tutorial (#943) 2024-06-04 19:00:14 -05:00
github-actions
23869cab0d 📝 Update release notes 2024-06-04 23:58:51 +00:00
Mieszko Bańczerowski
24e76c7a13 ✏️ Fix typo in docs/tutorial/relationship-attributes/index.md (#880) 2024-06-04 18:58:27 -05:00
github-actions
6e7e553963 📝 Update release notes 2024-06-04 23:57:10 +00:00
Anderson T
e7c62fc9d9 ✏️ Fix typo in sqlmodel/_compat.py (#950) 2024-06-04 18:56:52 -05:00
github-actions
8703539bf0 📝 Update release notes 2024-06-04 23:48:20 +00:00
Alejandra
f6ad19b1a7 ✏️ Update pip installation command in tutorial (#975) 2024-06-04 23:48:02 +00:00
Sebastián Ramírez
4590963e88 🔖 Release version 0.0.19 2024-06-03 22:26:53 -05:00
github-actions
883cbe3a8d 📝 Update release notes 2024-06-04 03:22:28 +00:00
Sebastián Ramírez
b560e9deb8 ⬆️ Upgrade Ruff and Black (#968)
Co-authored-by: pre-commit-ci[bot] <66853113+pre-commit-ci[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>
2024-06-03 22:22:04 -05:00
github-actions
e2f646dea5 📝 Update release notes 2024-06-04 03:19:04 +00:00
dependabot[bot]
b93dd95125 ⬆ Bump tiangolo/issue-manager from 0.4.1 to 0.5.0 (#922)
Bumps [tiangolo/issue-manager](https://github.com/tiangolo/issue-manager) from 0.4.1 to 0.5.0.
- [Release notes](https://github.com/tiangolo/issue-manager/releases)
- [Commits](https://github.com/tiangolo/issue-manager/compare/0.4.1...0.5.0)

---
updated-dependencies:
- dependency-name: tiangolo/issue-manager
  dependency-type: direct:production
  update-type: version-update:semver-minor
...

Signed-off-by: dependabot[bot] <support@github.com>
Co-authored-by: dependabot[bot] <49699333+dependabot[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>
2024-06-03 22:18:48 -05:00
github-actions
ceac7bc2e8 📝 Update release notes 2024-06-04 02:48:00 +00:00
Esteban Maya
1d43bd8b1e 🐛 Fix pydantic EmailStr support and max_length in several String subclasses (#966) 2024-06-03 21:47:40 -05:00
github-actions
9f3af8507e 📝 Update release notes 2024-06-04 02:35:16 +00:00
Sebastián Ramírez
d165e4b5ad ♻️ Refactor generate select template to isolate templated code to the minimum (#967)
Co-authored-by: pre-commit-ci[bot] <66853113+pre-commit-ci[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>
2024-06-03 21:34:54 -05:00
github-actions
d5cba6e358 📝 Update release notes 2024-06-04 01:39:25 +00:00
Sebastián Ramírez
bd1641c9a2 ⬆️ Update minimum SQLAlchemy version to 2.0.14 as that one includes TryCast used internally (#964) 2024-06-03 20:39:07 -05:00
github-actions
71de44daba 📝 Update release notes 2024-06-04 01:34:41 +00:00
Sebastián Ramírez
1b275bd6a7 📌 Pin typing-extensions in tests for compatiblity with Python 3.8, dirty-equals, Pydantic (#965) 2024-06-04 01:34:21 +00:00
github-actions
866d9ecb29 📝 Update release notes 2024-06-04 00:39:40 +00:00
Esteban Maya
5bb4cffd49 🐛 Fix set varchar limit when max_length is set on Pydantic models using Pydantic v2 (#963)
Co-authored-by: Sebastián Ramírez <tiangolo@gmail.com>
2024-06-04 00:39:23 +00:00
github-actions
a319952be1 📝 Update release notes 2024-06-03 23:56:49 +00:00
Soof Golan
662bd641b8 ✏️ Fix broken link to @dataclass_transform (now PEP 681) in docs/features.md (#753)
Co-authored-by: Sebastián Ramírez <tiangolo@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: Patrick Arminio <patrick.arminio@gmail.com>
2024-06-03 23:56:30 +00:00
github-actions
dcf4f58e81 📝 Update release notes 2024-05-10 21:00:41 +00:00
Sebastián Ramírez
e4013acc54 👷 Update GitHub Actions to download and upload artifacts (#936) 2024-05-10 21:00:24 +00:00
github-actions
df0f834227 📝 Update release notes 2024-05-07 18:32:44 +00:00
Sebastián Ramírez
5e592c9a0d 👷 Tweak CI for test-redistribute, add needed env vars for slim (#929) 2024-05-07 18:32:16 +00:00
Sebastián Ramírez
c13b71056e 📝 Update release notes 2024-04-29 23:29:21 -07:00
Sebastián Ramírez
900e0d3371 🔖 Release version 0.0.18 2024-04-29 23:25:02 -07:00
github-actions
a280b58c10 📝 Update release notes 2024-04-30 06:22:46 +00:00
Sebastián Ramírez
9ebbf255f7 Add sqlmodel-slim setup (#916) 2024-04-30 06:22:28 +00:00
github-actions
39cbf27904 📝 Update release notes 2024-04-30 00:01:02 +00:00
Sebastián Ramírez
28d0e76370 🔧 Re-enable MkDocs Material Social plugin (#915) 2024-04-30 00:00:40 +00:00
Sebastián Ramírez
0431c5bb26 🔖 Release version 0.0.17 2024-04-29 16:44:21 -07:00
github-actions
1c4f425f17 📝 Update release notes 2024-04-29 23:35:03 +00:00
dependabot[bot]
3ecbeacb46 ⬆ Bump actions/setup-python from 4 to 5 (#733)
Bumps [actions/setup-python](https://github.com/actions/setup-python) from 4 to 5.
- [Release notes](https://github.com/actions/setup-python/releases)
- [Commits](https://github.com/actions/setup-python/compare/v4...v5)

---
updated-dependencies:
- dependency-name: actions/setup-python
  dependency-type: direct:production
  update-type: version-update:semver-major
...

Signed-off-by: dependabot[bot] <support@github.com>
Co-authored-by: dependabot[bot] <49699333+dependabot[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>
Co-authored-by: Sebastián Ramírez <tiangolo@gmail.com>
2024-04-29 23:34:38 +00:00
github-actions
32353eeb07 📝 Update release notes 2024-04-29 23:26:22 +00:00
Sebastián Ramírez
7023896d7c 🔨 Update internal scripts and remove unused ones (#914) 2024-04-29 16:24:50 -07:00
github-actions
570cd9f10c 📝 Update release notes 2024-04-29 22:58:36 +00:00
Sebastián Ramírez
0b4989d0b2 🔧 Migrate from Poetry to PDM for the internal build config (#912) 2024-04-29 15:58:15 -07:00
github-actions
f67867f974 📝 Update release notes 2024-04-29 22:11:20 +00:00
Sebastián Ramírez
2454694de3 ♻️ Refactor types to properly support Pydantic 2.7 (#913) 2024-04-29 15:11:02 -07:00
github-actions
6151f23e15 📝 Update release notes 2024-04-08 23:08:14 +00:00
Esteban Maya
1eb40b1f33 📝 Update ModelRead to ModelPublic documentation and examples (#885)
Co-authored-by: Sebastián Ramírez <tiangolo@gmail.com>
2024-04-08 18:07:48 -05:00
github-actions
fa79856a4b 📝 Update release notes 2024-04-08 22:52:39 +00:00
Sebastián Ramírez
fce7ee21a2 🔧 Update MkDocs, disable cards while I can upgrade to the latest MkDocs Material, that fixes an issue with social cards (#888) 2024-04-08 17:52:21 -05:00
github-actions
c75743d9d3 📝 Update release notes 2024-04-02 01:51:04 +00:00
Esteban Maya
355f48860c 👷 Add cron to run test once a week on monday (#869) 2024-04-01 20:50:48 -05:00
github-actions
51df778420 📝 Update release notes 2024-03-26 17:35:41 +00:00
Sebastián Ramírez
bf51a11dcf ⬆️ Upgrade Ruff version and configs (#859) 2024-03-26 17:35:15 +00:00
Sebastián Ramírez
9d0b8b6a93 📝 Update release notes 2024-03-21 17:54:34 -05:00
github-actions
0e3154a553 📝 Update release notes 2024-03-21 22:49:58 +00:00
Sebastián Ramírez
9141c8a920 Add source examples for Python 3.10 and 3.9 with updated syntax (#842)
Co-authored-by: Esteban Maya Cadavid <emayacadavid9@gmail.com>
2024-03-21 17:49:38 -05:00
github-actions
4c3f242ae2 📝 Update release notes 2024-03-13 19:31:41 +00:00
Sebastián Ramírez
0a80166b81 🔥 Remove Jina QA Bot as it has been discontinued (#840) 2024-03-13 20:31:20 +01:00
Sebastián Ramírez
6b562358fc 🔖 Release version 0.0.16 2024-02-17 14:53:16 +01:00
Sebastián Ramírez
3d483921fe 📝 Update release notes 2024-02-17 14:52:43 +01:00
github-actions
2abb798a22 📝 Update release notes 2024-02-17 13:49:59 +00:00
Sebastián Ramírez
fa12c5d87b Add new method sqlmodel_update() to update models in place, including an update parameter for extra data (#804) 2024-02-17 14:49:39 +01:00
Sebastián Ramírez
7fec884864 🔖 Release version 0.0.15 2024-02-17 14:36:12 +01:00
github-actions
d8fa545955 📝 Update release notes 2024-02-17 13:35:13 +00:00
Sebastián Ramírez
1b7b3aa668 🐛 Fix class initialization compatibility with Pydantic and SQLModel, fixing errors revealed by the latest Pydantic (#807) 2024-02-17 13:34:57 +00:00
github-actions
0c7def88b5 📝 Update release notes 2024-01-09 06:52:30 +00:00
dependabot[bot]
48b97f3d8e ⬆ Bump tiangolo/issue-manager from 0.4.0 to 0.4.1 (#775)
Bumps [tiangolo/issue-manager](https://github.com/tiangolo/issue-manager) from 0.4.0 to 0.4.1.
- [Release notes](https://github.com/tiangolo/issue-manager/releases)
- [Commits](https://github.com/tiangolo/issue-manager/compare/0.4.0...0.4.1)

---
updated-dependencies:
- dependency-name: tiangolo/issue-manager
  dependency-type: direct:production
  update-type: version-update:semver-patch
...

Signed-off-by: dependabot[bot] <support@github.com>
Co-authored-by: dependabot[bot] <49699333+dependabot[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>
2024-01-09 07:49:37 +01:00
github-actions
fe497adf0c 📝 Update release notes 2023-12-10 20:20:18 +00:00
Sebastián Ramírez
8419545a3a 👷 Fix GitHub Actions build docs filter paths for GitHub workflows (#738)
* 👷 Fix GitHub Actions build docs filter paths for GitHub workflows

* 🎨 Update format of expression and conftest
2023-12-10 20:19:12 +00:00
Sebastián Ramírez
b892504141 🔖 Release version 0.0.14 2023-12-04 15:51:20 +01:00
github-actions
bd24013a26 📝 Update release notes 2023-12-04 14:42:57 +00:00
Sebastián Ramírez
fa2f178b8a Add support for Pydantic v2 (while keeping support for v1 if v2 is not available), including initial work by AntonDeMeester (#722)
Co-authored-by: Mohamed Farahat <farahats9@yahoo.com>
Co-authored-by: Stefan Borer <stefan.borer@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: Peter Landry <peter.landry@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: Anton De Meester <antondemeester+github@gmail.com>
2023-12-04 15:42:39 +01:00
Sebastián Ramírez
5b733b348d 🔖 Release version 0.0.13 2023-12-04 13:15:10 +01:00
github-actions
6770b9fd89 📝 Update release notes 2023-12-04 12:13:24 +00:00
Sebastián Ramírez
5c0fca1d96 ✏️ Fix typo, simplify single quote/apostrophe character in "Sister Margaret's" everywhere in the docs (#721) 2023-12-04 13:13:03 +01:00
github-actions
909286cc03 📝 Update release notes 2023-12-04 12:01:06 +00:00
Sebastián Ramírez
276bcf788c 🔧 Update docs build setup, add support for sponsors, add sponsor GOVCERT.LU (#720) 2023-12-04 13:00:47 +01:00
github-actions
cc11619c67 📝 Update release notes 2023-12-04 09:49:42 +00:00
Sebastián Ramírez
41495e30c7 📝 Update docs for Decimal, use proper types (#719) 2023-12-04 09:49:23 +00:00
github-actions
50b0198423 📝 Update release notes 2023-12-04 09:47:19 +00:00
Sebastián Ramírez
853d787923 ♻️ Refactor type generation of selects re-order to prioritize models to optimize editor support (#718) 2023-12-04 09:46:59 +00:00
github-actions
e5fddb97a7 📝 Update release notes 2023-11-30 15:23:25 +00:00
Sebastián Ramírez
4ac87146b1 🔇 Do not raise deprecation warnings for execute as it's automatically used internally (#716)
* 🔇 Do not raise deprecation warnings for execute as it's automatically used internally

*  Tweak tests to not use deprecated query
2023-11-30 15:23:06 +00:00
github-actions
2ecc86275f 📝 Update release notes 2023-11-30 15:20:09 +00:00
pre-commit-ci[bot]
f42314956f ⬆ [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate (#697)
updates:
- [github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit: v0.1.4 → v0.1.6](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit/compare/v0.1.4...v0.1.6)

Co-authored-by: pre-commit-ci[bot] <66853113+pre-commit-ci[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>
2023-11-30 16:19:47 +01:00
github-actions
98739b071c 📝 Update release notes 2023-11-29 15:52:16 +00:00
Sebastián Ramírez
d8effcbc5c 📝 Add source examples for Python 3.9 and 3.10 (#715)
* 📝 Add source examples for Python 3.9 and 3.10

*  Add tests for new source examples for Python 3.9 and 3.10, still needs pytest markers

*  Add tests for fastapi examples

*  Update tests for FastAPI app testing, for Python 3.9 and 3.10, fixing multi-app testing conflicts

*  Require Python 3.9 and 3.10 for tests

*  Update tests with missing markers
2023-11-29 16:51:55 +01:00
github-actions
cce30d7546 📝 Update release notes 2023-11-28 22:41:22 +00:00
Sebastián Ramírez
33c5e5c98d 🔧 Show line numbers in docs during local development (#714)
🔧 Show line numbers during local development
2023-11-28 23:41:03 +01:00
github-actions
2b0dfb50c8 📝 Update release notes 2023-11-28 22:12:55 +00:00
Sebastián Ramírez
799d0aa7a6 📝 Update details syntax with new pymdown extensions format (#713) 2023-11-28 23:12:33 +01:00
github-actions
be464fba69 📝 Update release notes 2023-11-28 20:50:54 +00:00
Sebastián Ramírez
a95bd3873d 🔧 Update config with new pymdown extensions (#712)
* 🔧 Update config with new pymdown extensions

* 📝 Update admonition blocks syntax

* 📝 Update syntax for tabs with new pymdown extensions
2023-11-28 21:50:33 +01:00
github-actions
71baff6015 📝 Update release notes 2023-11-27 09:58:47 +00:00
Sebastián Ramírez
f18ea03b07 🙈 Update gitignore, include all coverage files (#711) 2023-11-27 09:58:25 +00:00
github-actions
65ee2610b6 📝 Update release notes 2023-11-26 14:20:17 +00:00
Sebastián Ramírez
47bcd9df8d ⬆️ Add support for Python 3.11 and Python 3.12 (#710) 2023-11-26 15:20:01 +01:00
github-actions
781a2d6b0a 📝 Update release notes 2023-11-26 13:57:29 +00:00
Sebastián Ramírez
a974d9104f Move OpenAPI tests inline to simplify updating them with Pydantic v2 (#709) 2023-11-26 13:57:12 +00:00
408 changed files with 34907 additions and 3127 deletions

View File

@@ -1,5 +0,0 @@
[flake8]
max-line-length = 88
select = C,E,F,W,B,B9
ignore = E203, E501, W503
exclude = __init__.py

View File

@@ -27,9 +27,12 @@ jobs:
- README.md
- docs/**
- docs_src/**
- requirements-docs.txt
- pyproject.toml
- mkdocs.yml
- mkdocs.insiders.yml
- .github/workflows/build-docs.yml
- .github/workflows/deploy-docs.yml
build-docs:
needs:
@@ -43,39 +46,32 @@ jobs:
run: echo "$GITHUB_CONTEXT"
- uses: actions/checkout@v4
- name: Set up Python
uses: actions/setup-python@v4
uses: actions/setup-python@v5
with:
python-version: "3.11"
- uses: actions/cache@v3
id: cache
with:
path: ${{ env.pythonLocation }}
key: ${{ runner.os }}-python-docs-${{ env.pythonLocation }}-${{ hashFiles('pyproject.toml') }}-v01
- name: Install Poetry
key: ${{ runner.os }}-python-docs-${{ env.pythonLocation }}-${{ hashFiles('pyproject.toml', 'requirements-docs.txt') }}-v01
- name: Install docs extras
if: steps.cache.outputs.cache-hit != 'true'
run: |
python -m pip install --upgrade pip
python -m pip install "poetry"
python -m poetry self add poetry-version-plugin
- name: Configure poetry
run: python -m poetry config virtualenvs.create false
- name: Install Dependencies
if: steps.cache.outputs.cache-hit != 'true'
run: python -m poetry install
run: pip install -r requirements-docs.txt
- name: Install Material for MkDocs Insiders
if: ( github.event_name != 'pull_request' || github.secret_source == 'Actions' ) && steps.cache.outputs.cache-hit != 'true'
run: python -m poetry run pip install git+https://${{ secrets.SQLMODEL_MKDOCS_MATERIAL_INSIDERS }}@github.com/squidfunk/mkdocs-material-insiders.git
run: |
pip install git+https://${{ secrets.SQLMODEL_MKDOCS_MATERIAL_INSIDERS }}@github.com/squidfunk/mkdocs-material-insiders.git
pip install git+https://${{ secrets.SQLMODEL_MKDOCS_MATERIAL_INSIDERS }}@github.com/pawamoy-insiders/griffe-typing-deprecated.git
pip install git+https://${{ secrets.SQLMODEL_MKDOCS_MATERIAL_INSIDERS }}@github.com/pawamoy-insiders/mkdocstrings-python.git
- uses: actions/cache@v3
with:
key: mkdocs-cards-${{ github.ref }}
path: .cache
- name: Verify README
run: python ./scripts/docs.py verify-readme
- name: Build Docs
if: github.event_name == 'pull_request' && github.secret_source != 'Actions'
run: python -m poetry run mkdocs build
- name: Build Docs with Insiders
if: github.event_name != 'pull_request' || github.secret_source == 'Actions'
run: python -m poetry run mkdocs build --config-file mkdocs.insiders.yml
- uses: actions/upload-artifact@v3
run: python ./scripts/docs.py build
- uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
with:
name: docs-site
path: ./site/**

View File

@@ -19,18 +19,16 @@ jobs:
run: |
rm -rf ./site
mkdir ./site
- name: Download Artifact Docs
id: download
uses: dawidd6/action-download-artifact@v2.28.0
- uses: actions/download-artifact@v4
with:
if_no_artifact_found: ignore
github_token: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
workflow: build-docs.yml
run_id: ${{ github.event.workflow_run.id }}
name: docs-site
path: ./site/
pattern: docs-site
merge-multiple: true
github-token: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
run-id: ${{ github.event.workflow_run.id }}
- name: Deploy to Cloudflare Pages
if: steps.download.outputs.found_artifact == 'true'
# hashFiles returns an empty string if there are no files
if: hashFiles('./site/*')
id: deploy
uses: cloudflare/pages-action@v1
with:

View File

@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ jobs:
issue-manager:
runs-on: ubuntu-latest
steps:
- uses: tiangolo/issue-manager@0.4.0
- uses: tiangolo/issue-manager@0.5.0
with:
token: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
config: >

View File

@@ -14,37 +14,24 @@ on:
jobs:
publish:
runs-on: ubuntu-latest
strategy:
matrix:
package:
- sqlmodel
- sqlmodel-slim
permissions:
id-token: write
steps:
- uses: actions/checkout@v4
- name: Set up Python
uses: actions/setup-python@v4
uses: actions/setup-python@v5
with:
python-version: "3.7"
# Allow debugging with tmate
- name: Setup tmate session
uses: mxschmitt/action-tmate@v3
if: ${{ github.event_name == 'workflow_dispatch' && github.event.inputs.debug_enabled == 'true' }}
with:
limit-access-to-actor: true
- uses: actions/cache@v3
id: cache
with:
path: ${{ env.pythonLocation }}
key: ${{ runner.os }}-python-${{ env.pythonLocation }}-${{ hashFiles('pyproject.toml') }}-root-v2
- name: Install poetry
if: steps.cache.outputs.cache-hit != 'true'
run: |
python -m pip install --upgrade pip
python -m pip install "poetry"
python -m poetry self add poetry-version-plugin
- name: Configure poetry
run: python -m poetry config virtualenvs.create false
- name: Install Dependencies
if: steps.cache.outputs.cache-hit != 'true'
run: python -m poetry install
- name: Publish
python-version: "3.11"
- name: Install build dependencies
run: pip install build
- name: Build distribution
env:
PYPI_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.PYPI_TOKEN }}
run: |
python -m poetry config pypi-token.pypi $PYPI_TOKEN
bash scripts/publish.sh
TIANGOLO_BUILD_PACKAGE: ${{ matrix.package }}
run: python -m build
- name: Publish
uses: pypa/gh-action-pypi-publish@v1.8.11

View File

@@ -14,18 +14,20 @@ jobs:
runs-on: ubuntu-latest
steps:
- uses: actions/setup-python@v4
- uses: actions/setup-python@v5
with:
python-version: '3.9'
- run: pip install smokeshow
- uses: dawidd6/action-download-artifact@v2.28.0
- uses: actions/download-artifact@v4
with:
workflow: test.yml
commit: ${{ github.event.workflow_run.head_sha }}
name: coverage-html
path: htmlcov
github-token: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
run-id: ${{ github.event.workflow_run.id }}
- run: smokeshow upload coverage-html
- run: smokeshow upload htmlcov
env:
SMOKESHOW_GITHUB_STATUS_DESCRIPTION: Coverage {coverage-percentage}
SMOKESHOW_GITHUB_COVERAGE_THRESHOLD: 95

53
.github/workflows/test-redistribute.yml vendored Normal file
View File

@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
name: Test Redistribute
on:
push:
branches:
- main
pull_request:
types:
- opened
- synchronize
jobs:
test-redistribute:
runs-on: ubuntu-latest
strategy:
matrix:
package:
- sqlmodel
- sqlmodel-slim
steps:
- name: Dump GitHub context
env:
GITHUB_CONTEXT: ${{ toJson(github) }}
run: echo "$GITHUB_CONTEXT"
- uses: actions/checkout@v4
- name: Set up Python
uses: actions/setup-python@v5
with:
python-version: "3.10"
- name: Install build dependencies
run: pip install build
- name: Build source distribution
env:
TIANGOLO_BUILD_PACKAGE: ${{ matrix.package }}
run: python -m build --sdist
- name: Decompress source distribution
run: |
cd dist
tar xvf sqlmodel*.tar.gz
- name: Install test dependencies
run: |
cd dist/sqlmodel*/
pip install -r requirements-tests.txt
env:
TIANGOLO_BUILD_PACKAGE: ${{ matrix.package }}
- name: Run source distribution tests
run: |
cd dist/sqlmodel*/
bash scripts/test.sh
- name: Build wheel distribution
run: |
cd dist
pip wheel --no-deps sqlmodel*.tar.gz

View File

@@ -14,6 +14,9 @@ on:
description: 'Run the build with tmate debugging enabled (https://github.com/marketplace/actions/debugging-with-tmate)'
required: false
default: 'false'
schedule:
# cron every week on monday
- cron: "0 0 * * 1"
jobs:
test:
@@ -25,12 +28,17 @@ jobs:
- "3.8"
- "3.9"
- "3.10"
- "3.11"
- "3.12"
pydantic-version:
- pydantic-v1
- pydantic-v2
fail-fast: false
steps:
- uses: actions/checkout@v4
- name: Set up Python
uses: actions/setup-python@v4
uses: actions/setup-python@v5
with:
python-version: ${{ matrix.python-version }}
# Allow debugging with tmate
@@ -43,32 +51,30 @@ jobs:
id: cache
with:
path: ${{ env.pythonLocation }}
key: ${{ runner.os }}-python-${{ env.pythonLocation }}-${{ hashFiles('pyproject.toml') }}-root-v2
- name: Install poetry
if: steps.cache.outputs.cache-hit != 'true'
run: |
python -m pip install --upgrade pip
python -m pip install "poetry"
python -m poetry self add poetry-version-plugin
- name: Configure poetry
run: python -m poetry config virtualenvs.create false
key: ${{ runner.os }}-python-${{ env.pythonLocation }}-${{ hashFiles('pyproject.toml', 'requirements-tests.txt') }}-v01
- name: Install Dependencies
if: steps.cache.outputs.cache-hit != 'true'
run: python -m poetry install
run: pip install -r requirements-tests.txt
- name: Install Pydantic v1
if: matrix.pydantic-version == 'pydantic-v1'
run: pip install --upgrade "pydantic>=1.10.0,<2.0.0"
- name: Install Pydantic v2
if: matrix.pydantic-version == 'pydantic-v2'
run: pip install --upgrade "pydantic>=2.0.2,<3.0.0" "typing-extensions==4.6.1"
- name: Lint
# Do not run on Python 3.7 as mypy behaves differently
if: matrix.python-version != '3.7'
run: python -m poetry run bash scripts/lint.sh
if: matrix.python-version != '3.7' && matrix.pydantic-version == 'pydantic-v2'
run: bash scripts/lint.sh
- run: mkdir coverage
- name: Test
run: python -m poetry run bash scripts/test.sh
run: bash scripts/test.sh
env:
COVERAGE_FILE: coverage/.coverage.${{ runner.os }}-py${{ matrix.python-version }}
CONTEXT: ${{ runner.os }}-py${{ matrix.python-version }}
- name: Store coverage files
uses: actions/upload-artifact@v3
uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
with:
name: coverage
name: coverage-${{ matrix.python-version }}-${{ matrix.pydantic-version }}
path: coverage
coverage-combine:
needs:
@@ -78,15 +84,16 @@ jobs:
steps:
- uses: actions/checkout@v4
- uses: actions/setup-python@v4
- uses: actions/setup-python@v5
with:
python-version: '3.8'
- name: Get coverage files
uses: actions/download-artifact@v3
uses: actions/download-artifact@v4
with:
name: coverage
pattern: coverage-*
path: coverage
merge-multiple: true
- run: pip install coverage[toml]
@@ -96,7 +103,7 @@ jobs:
- run: coverage html --show-contexts --title "Coverage for ${{ github.sha }}"
- name: Store coverage HTML
uses: actions/upload-artifact@v3
uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
with:
name: coverage-html
path: htmlcov

2
.gitignore vendored
View File

@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ poetry.lock
dist
htmlcov
*.egg-info
.coverage
.coverage*
coverage.xml
site
*.db

View File

@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ repos:
- id: end-of-file-fixer
- id: trailing-whitespace
- repo: https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit
rev: v0.1.4
rev: v0.4.7
hooks:
- id: ruff
args:

View File

@@ -38,6 +38,14 @@ The key features are:
* **Extensible**: You have all the power of SQLAlchemy and Pydantic underneath.
* **Short**: Minimize code duplication. A single type annotation does a lot of work. No need to duplicate models in SQLAlchemy and Pydantic.
## Sponsors
<!-- sponsors -->
<a href="https://www.govcert.lu" target="_blank" title="This project is being supported by GOVCERT.LU"><img src="https://sqlmodel.tiangolo.com/img/sponsors/govcert.png"></a>
<!-- /sponsors -->
## SQL Databases in FastAPI
<a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com" target="_blank"><img src="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/img/logo-margin/logo-teal.png" style="width: 20%;"></a>
@@ -68,7 +76,7 @@ Successfully installed sqlmodel
## Example
For an introduction to databases, SQL, and everything else, see the <a href="https://sqlmodel.tiangolo.com" target="_blank">SQLModel documentation</a>.
For an introduction to databases, SQL, and everything else, see the <a href="https://sqlmodel.tiangolo.com/databases/" target="_blank">SQLModel documentation</a>.
Here's a quick example. ✨

6
data/sponsors.yml Normal file
View File

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
gold: []
silver:
- url: https://www.govcert.lu
title: This project is being supported by GOVCERT.LU
img: https://sqlmodel.tiangolo.com/img/sponsors/govcert.png
bronze: []

View File

@@ -19,36 +19,59 @@ In most cases this would probably not be a problem, for example measuring views
## Decimal Types
Pydantic has special support for `Decimal` types using the <a href="https://pydantic-docs.helpmanual.io/usage/types/#arguments-to-condecimal" class="external-link" target="_blank">`condecimal()` special function</a>.
Pydantic has special support for <a href="https://docs.pydantic.dev/latest/api/standard_library_types/#decimaldecimal" class="external-link" target="_blank">`Decimal` types</a>.
!!! tip
Pydantic 1.9, that will be released soon, has improved support for `Decimal` types, without needing to use the `condecimal()` function.
When you use `Decimal` you can specify the number of digits and decimal places to support in the `Field()` function. They will be validated by Pydantic (for example when using FastAPI) and the same information will also be used for the database columns.
But meanwhile, you can already use this feature with `condecimal()` in **SQLModel** it as it's explained here.
/// info
When you use `condecimal()` you can specify the number of digits and decimal places to support. They will be validated by Pydantic (for example when using FastAPI) and the same information will also be used for the database columns.
For the database, **SQLModel** will use <a href="https://docs.sqlalchemy.org/en/20/core/type_basics.html#sqlalchemy.types.DECIMAL" class="external-link" target="_blank">SQLAlchemy's `DECIMAL` type</a>.
!!! info
For the database, **SQLModel** will use <a href="https://docs.sqlalchemy.org/en/14/core/type_basics.html#sqlalchemy.types.DECIMAL" class="external-link" target="_blank">SQLAlchemy's `DECIMAL` type</a>.
///
## Decimals in SQLModel
Let's say that each hero in the database will have an amount of money. We could make that field a `Decimal` type using the `condecimal()` function:
```{.python .annotate hl_lines="12" }
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```python hl_lines="11"
{!./docs_src/advanced/decimal/tutorial001_py310.py[ln:1-11]!}
# More code here later 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```python hl_lines="12"
{!./docs_src/advanced/decimal/tutorial001.py[ln:1-12]!}
# More code here later 👇
```
<details>
<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
////
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python
{!./docs_src/advanced/decimal/tutorial001_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python
{!./docs_src/advanced/decimal/tutorial001.py!}
```
</details>
////
///
Here we are saying that `money` can have at most `5` digits with `max_digits`, **this includes the integers** (to the left of the decimal dot) **and the decimals** (to the right of the decimal dot).
@@ -66,19 +89,36 @@ We are also saying that the number of decimal places (to the right of the decima
🚫 But these are all invalid numbers for that `money` field:
* `1.2345`
* This number has more than 3 decimal places.
* This number has more than 3 decimal places.
* `123.234`
* This number has more than 5 digits in total (integer and decimal part).
* This number has more than 5 digits in total (integer and decimal part).
* `123`
* Even though this number doesn't have any decimals, we still have 3 places saved for them, which means that we can **only use 2 places** for the **integer part**, and this number has 3 integer digits. So, the allowed number of integer digits is `max_digits` - `decimal_places` = 2.
* Even though this number doesn't have any decimals, we still have 3 places saved for them, which means that we can **only use 2 places** for the **integer part**, and this number has 3 integer digits. So, the allowed number of integer digits is `max_digits` - `decimal_places` = 2.
!!! tip
Make sure you adjust the number of digits and decimal places for your own needs, in your own application. 🤓
/// tip
Make sure you adjust the number of digits and decimal places for your own needs, in your own application. 🤓
///
## Create models with Decimals
When creating new models you can actually pass normal (`float`) numbers, Pydantic will automatically convert them to `Decimal` types, and **SQLModel** will store them as `Decimal` types in the database (using SQLAlchemy).
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python hl_lines="4-6"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/advanced/decimal/tutorial001_py310.py[ln:24-34]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python hl_lines="4-6"
# Code above omitted 👆
@@ -87,19 +127,46 @@ When creating new models you can actually pass normal (`float`) numbers, Pydanti
# Code below omitted 👇
```
<details>
<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
////
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python
{!./docs_src/advanced/decimal/tutorial001_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python
{!./docs_src/advanced/decimal/tutorial001.py!}
```
</details>
////
///
## Select Decimal data
Then, when working with Decimal types, you can confirm that they indeed avoid those rounding errors from floats:
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python hl_lines="15-16"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/advanced/decimal/tutorial001_py310.py[ln:37-50]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python hl_lines="15-16"
# Code above omitted 👆
@@ -108,14 +175,27 @@ Then, when working with Decimal types, you can confirm that they indeed avoid th
# Code below omitted 👇
```
<details>
<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
////
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python
{!./docs_src/advanced/decimal/tutorial001_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python
{!./docs_src/advanced/decimal/tutorial001.py!}
```
</details>
////
///
## Review the results
@@ -142,7 +222,10 @@ Total money: 3.300
</div>
!!! warning
Although Decimal types are supported and used in the Python side, not all databases support it. In particular, SQLite doesn't support decimals, so it will convert them to the same floating `NUMERIC` type it supports.
/// warning
But decimals are supported by most of the other SQL databases. 🎉
Although Decimal types are supported and used in the Python side, not all databases support it. In particular, SQLite doesn't support decimals, so it will convert them to the same floating `NUMERIC` type it supports.
But decimals are supported by most of the other SQL databases. 🎉
///

View File

@@ -1,9 +1,12 @@
# Intro to Databases
!!! info
Are you a seasoned developer and already know everything about databases? 🤓
/// info
Then you can skip to the [Tutorial - User Guide: First Steps](tutorial/index.md){.internal-link target=_blank} right away.
Are you a seasoned developer and already know everything about databases? 🤓
Then you can skip to the [Tutorial - User Guide: First Steps](tutorial/index.md){.internal-link target=_blank} right away.
///
If you don't know everything about databases, here's a quick overview.
@@ -17,8 +20,11 @@ So, what is a database?
A **database** is a system to store and manage data in a structured and very efficient way.
!!! tip
It's very common to abbreviate the word "database" as **"DB"**.
/// tip
It's very common to abbreviate the word "database" as **"DB"**.
///
As there's a lot of information about databases, and it can get very technical and academic, I'll give you a quick overview about some of the main concepts here.
@@ -28,8 +34,11 @@ I'll even tell you a bit about different types of databases, including the ones
When starting to program, it might **not be obvious** why having a database apart from the code for your program is a **good idea**. Let's start with that.
!!! tip
If that's obvious to you, just continue in the next section below. 👇
/// tip
If that's obvious to you, just continue in the next section below. 👇
///
In your code you already have **variables**, **dictionaries**, **lists**, etc. They all store **data** in some way already. Why would you need to have a separate database?
@@ -128,7 +137,7 @@ If we worked with a single table to store our heroes, it could be like this:
<th>id</th><th>name</th><th>secret_name</th><th>age</th><th>team</th><th>headquarters</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>1</td><td>Deadpond</td><td>Dive Wilson</td><td>null</td><td>Z-Factor</td><td>Sister Margarets Bar</td>
<td>1</td><td>Deadpond</td><td>Dive Wilson</td><td>null</td><td>Z-Factor</td><td>Sister Margaret's Bar</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>2</td><td>Spider-Boy</td><td>Pedro Parqueador</td><td>null</td><td>Preventers</td><td>Sharp Tower</td>
@@ -157,7 +166,7 @@ We could end up with inconsistent information, having one place saying "Prevente
<th>id</th><th>name</th><th>secret_name</th><th>age</th><th>team</th><th>headquarters</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>1</td><td>Deadpond</td><td>Dive Wilson</td><td>null</td><td>Z-Force</td><td>Sister Margarets Bar</td>
<td>1</td><td>Deadpond</td><td>Dive Wilson</td><td>null</td><td>Z-Force</td><td>Sister Margaret's Bar</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>2</td><td>Spider-Boy</td><td>Pedro Parqueador</td><td>null</td><td>Preventers</td><td>Preventers Tower ✅</td>
@@ -176,7 +185,7 @@ We could forget the name of the team and end up adding "Mahjong" with an invalid
<th>id</th><th>name</th><th>secret_name</th><th>age</th><th>team</th><th>headquarters</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>1</td><td>Deadpond</td><td>Dive Wilson</td><td>null</td><td>Z-Force</td><td>Sister Margarets Bar</td>
<td>1</td><td>Deadpond</td><td>Dive Wilson</td><td>null</td><td>Z-Force</td><td>Sister Margaret's Bar</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>2</td><td>Spider-Boy</td><td>Pedro Parqueador</td><td>null</td><td>Preventers</td><td>Preventers Tower</td>
@@ -185,7 +194,7 @@ We could forget the name of the team and end up adding "Mahjong" with an invalid
<td>3</td><td>Rusty-Man</td><td>Tommy Sharp</td><td>48</td><td>Preventers</td><td>Sharp Tower</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>4</td><td>Mahjong</td><td>Neena Thurgirl</td><td>31</td><td>Y-Force 🚨</td><td>Sister Margarets Bar</td>
<td>4</td><td>Mahjong</td><td>Neena Thurgirl</td><td>31</td><td>Y-Force 🚨</td><td>Sister Margaret's Bar</td>
</tr>
</table>
@@ -207,7 +216,7 @@ The table for the teams could look like this:
<td>1</td><td>Preventers</td><td>Sharp Tower</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>2</td><td>Z-Force</td><td>Sister Margarets Bar</td>
<td>2</td><td>Z-Force</td><td>Sister Margaret's Bar</td>
</tr>
</table>
@@ -308,8 +317,11 @@ Next, it receives the data and puts it in Python objects that you can continue t
I'll tell you more about SQL, SQLModel, how to use them, and how they are related in the next sections.
!!! info "Technical Details"
SQLModel is built on top of SQLAlchemy. It is, in fact, just <a href="https://www.sqlalchemy.org/" class="external-link" target="_blank">SQLAlchemy</a> and <a href="https://pydantic-docs.helpmanual.io/" class="external-link" target="_blank">Pydantic</a> mixed together with some sugar on top.
/// info | Technical Details
SQLModel is built on top of SQLAlchemy. It is, in fact, just <a href="https://www.sqlalchemy.org/" class="external-link" target="_blank">SQLAlchemy</a> and <a href="https://pydantic-docs.helpmanual.io/" class="external-link" target="_blank">Pydantic</a> mixed together with some sugar on top.
///
## NoSQL Databases

View File

@@ -172,8 +172,11 @@ The difference in the final SQL statement is subtle, but it changes the meaning
SELECT * FROM hero WHERE id = "2; DROP TABLE hero;";
```
!!! tip
Notice the double quotes (`"`) making it a string instead of more raw SQL.
/// tip
Notice the double quotes (`"`) making it a string instead of more raw SQL.
///
The database will not find any record with that ID:
@@ -187,8 +190,11 @@ Then your code will continue to execute and calmly tell the user that it couldn'
But we never deleted the `hero` table. 🎉
!!! info
Of course, there are also other ways to do SQL data sanitization without using a tool like **SQLModel**, but it's still a nice feature you get by default.
/// info
Of course, there are also other ways to do SQL data sanitization without using a tool like **SQLModel**, but it's still a nice feature you get by default.
///
### Editor Support
@@ -291,8 +297,11 @@ There are many ORMs available apart from **SQLModel**, you can read more about s
## SQL Table Names
!!! info "Technical Background"
This is a bit of boring background for SQL purists. Feel free to skip this section. 😉
/// info | Technical Background
This is a bit of boring background for SQL purists. Feel free to skip this section. 😉
///
When working with pure SQL, it's common to name the tables in plural. So, the table would be named `heroes` instead of `hero`, because it could contain multiple rows, each with one hero.
@@ -304,5 +313,8 @@ You will see **your own code** a lot more than the internal table names, so it's
So, to keep things consistent, I'll keep using the same table names that **SQLModel** would have generated.
!!! tip
You can also override the table name. You can read about it in the Advanced User Guide.
/// tip
You can also override the table name. You can read about it in the Advanced User Guide.
///

View File

@@ -36,17 +36,10 @@ You will get completion for everything while writing the **minimum** amount of c
You won't need to keep guessing the types of different attributes in your models, if they could be `None`, etc. Your editor will be able to help you with everything because **SQLModel** is based on **standard Python type annotations**.
**SQLModel** even adopts currently <a href="https://github.com/microsoft/pyright/blob/main/specs/dataclass_transforms.md" class="external-link" target="_blank">in development standards</a> for Python type annotations to ensure the **best developer experience**, so you will get inline errors and autocompletion even while creating new model instances.
**SQLModel** adopts <a href="https://peps.python.org/pep-0681/" class="external-link" target="_blank">PEP 681</a> for Python type annotations to ensure the **best developer experience**, so you will get inline errors and autocompletion even while creating new model instances.
<img class="shadow" src="/img/index/autocompletion01.png">
!!! info
Don't worry, adopting this in-development standard only affects/improves editor support.
It doesn't affect performance or correctness. And if the in-progress standard was deprecated your code won't be affected.
Meanwhile, you will get inline errors (like type checks) and autocompletion on places you wouldn't get with any other library. 🎉
## Short
**SQLModel** has **sensible defaults** for everything, with **optional configurations** everywhere.

View File

@@ -157,12 +157,15 @@ And if there's any other style or consistency need, I'll ask directly for that,
* Then **comment** saying that you did that, that's how I will know you really checked it.
!!! info
Unfortunately, I can't simply trust PRs that just have several approvals.
/// info
Several times it has happened that there are PRs with 3, 5 or more approvals, probably because the description is appealing, but when I check the PRs, they are actually broken, have a bug, or don't solve the problem they claim to solve. 😅
Unfortunately, I can't simply trust PRs that just have several approvals.
So, it's really important that you actually read and run the code, and let me know in the comments that you did. 🤓
Several times it has happened that there are PRs with 3, 5 or more approvals, probably because the description is appealing, but when I check the PRs, they are actually broken, have a bug, or don't solve the problem they claim to solve. 😅
So, it's really important that you actually read and run the code, and let me know in the comments that you did. 🤓
///
* If the PR can be simplified in a way, you can ask for that, but there's no need to be too picky, there might be a lot of subjective points of view (and I will have my own as well 🙈), so it's better if you can focus on the fundamental things.
@@ -209,10 +212,13 @@ If you can help me with that, **you are helping me maintain SQLModel** and makin
Join the 👥 <a href="https://discord.gg/VQjSZaeJmf" class="external-link" target="_blank">FastAPI and Friends Discord chat server</a> 👥 and hang out with others in the community. There's a `#sqlmodel` channel.
!!! tip
For questions, ask them in <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/sqlmodel/discussions/new?category=questions" class="external-link" target="_blank">GitHub Discussions</a>, there's a much better chance you will receive help there.
/// tip
Use the chat only for other general conversations.
For questions, ask them in <a href="https://github.com/tiangolo/sqlmodel/discussions/new?category=questions" class="external-link" target="_blank">GitHub Discussions</a>, there's a much better chance you will receive help there.
Use the chat only for other general conversations.
///
### Don't use the chat for questions

View File

@@ -115,7 +115,7 @@
<mxCell id="56" value="&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;#34;roboto&amp;#34; ; font-size: 18px&quot;&gt;Z-Force&lt;/span&gt;" style="shape=partialRectangle;html=1;whiteSpace=wrap;connectable=0;top=0;left=0;bottom=0;right=0;overflow=hidden;strokeColor=none;fillColor=none;" parent="54" vertex="1">
<mxGeometry x="50" width="110" height="50" as="geometry"/>
</mxCell>
<mxCell id="57" value="&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: rgb(255 , 255 , 255) ; line-height: 19px&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Roboto&quot; data-font-src=&quot;https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Roboto&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18px&quot;&gt;Sister Margarets Bar&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;" style="shape=partialRectangle;html=1;whiteSpace=wrap;connectable=0;top=0;left=0;bottom=0;right=0;overflow=hidden;strokeColor=none;fillColor=none;" parent="54" vertex="1">
<mxCell id="57" value="&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: rgb(255 , 255 , 255) ; line-height: 19px&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Roboto&quot; data-font-src=&quot;https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Roboto&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18px&quot;&gt;Sister Margaret's Bar&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;" style="shape=partialRectangle;html=1;whiteSpace=wrap;connectable=0;top=0;left=0;bottom=0;right=0;overflow=hidden;strokeColor=none;fillColor=none;" parent="54" vertex="1">
<mxGeometry x="160" width="200" height="50" as="geometry"/>
</mxCell>
<mxCell id="66" style="edgeStyle=orthogonalEdgeStyle;rounded=0;orthogonalLoop=1;jettySize=auto;html=1;exitX=1;exitY=0.5;exitDx=0;exitDy=0;strokeWidth=2;" parent="1" source="18" target="54" edge="1">

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@@ -103,7 +103,7 @@
<mxCell id="56" value="&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;#34;roboto&amp;#34; ; font-size: 18px&quot;&gt;Z-Force&lt;/span&gt;" style="shape=partialRectangle;html=1;whiteSpace=wrap;connectable=0;top=0;left=0;bottom=0;right=0;overflow=hidden;fillColor=#e1d5e7;strokeColor=#9673a6;" parent="54" vertex="1">
<mxGeometry x="50" width="110" height="50" as="geometry"/>
</mxCell>
<mxCell id="57" value="&lt;p style=&quot;line-height: 19px&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Roboto&quot; data-font-src=&quot;https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Roboto&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18px&quot;&gt;Sister Margarets Bar&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;" style="shape=partialRectangle;html=1;whiteSpace=wrap;connectable=0;top=0;left=0;bottom=0;right=0;overflow=hidden;fillColor=#e1d5e7;strokeColor=#9673a6;" parent="54" vertex="1">
<mxCell id="57" value="&lt;p style=&quot;line-height: 19px&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Roboto&quot; data-font-src=&quot;https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Roboto&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18px&quot;&gt;Sister Margaret's Bar&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;" style="shape=partialRectangle;html=1;whiteSpace=wrap;connectable=0;top=0;left=0;bottom=0;right=0;overflow=hidden;fillColor=#e1d5e7;strokeColor=#9673a6;" parent="54" vertex="1">
<mxGeometry x="160" width="200" height="50" as="geometry"/>
</mxCell>
<mxCell id="69" value="&lt;font face=&quot;Roboto&quot; data-font-src=&quot;https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Roboto&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18px&quot;&gt;heroteamlink&lt;/font&gt;" style="shape=table;html=1;whiteSpace=wrap;startSize=30;container=1;collapsible=0;childLayout=tableLayout;fontStyle=1;align=center;fillColor=#FFFFFF;swimlaneFillColor=#ffffff;" vertex="1" parent="1">

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@@ -115,7 +115,7 @@
<mxCell id="56" value="&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;#34;roboto&amp;#34; ; font-size: 18px&quot;&gt;Z-Force&lt;/span&gt;" style="shape=partialRectangle;html=1;whiteSpace=wrap;connectable=0;top=0;left=0;bottom=0;right=0;overflow=hidden;" parent="54" vertex="1">
<mxGeometry x="50" width="110" height="50" as="geometry"/>
</mxCell>
<mxCell id="57" value="&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: rgb(255 , 255 , 255) ; line-height: 19px&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Roboto&quot; data-font-src=&quot;https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Roboto&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18px&quot;&gt;Sister Margarets Bar&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;" style="shape=partialRectangle;html=1;whiteSpace=wrap;connectable=0;top=0;left=0;bottom=0;right=0;overflow=hidden;" parent="54" vertex="1">
<mxCell id="57" value="&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: rgb(255 , 255 , 255) ; line-height: 19px&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Roboto&quot; data-font-src=&quot;https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Roboto&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18px&quot;&gt;Sister Margaret's Bar&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;" style="shape=partialRectangle;html=1;whiteSpace=wrap;connectable=0;top=0;left=0;bottom=0;right=0;overflow=hidden;" parent="54" vertex="1">
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@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@
<style>
.md-content .md-typeset h1 { display: none; }
</style>
<p align="center">
<a href="https://sqlmodel.tiangolo.com"><img src="https://sqlmodel.tiangolo.com/img/logo-margin/logo-margin-vector.svg" alt="SQLModel"></a>
</p>
@@ -38,6 +42,21 @@ The key features are:
* **Extensible**: You have all the power of SQLAlchemy and Pydantic underneath.
* **Short**: Minimize code duplication. A single type annotation does a lot of work. No need to duplicate models in SQLAlchemy and Pydantic.
## Sponsors
<!-- sponsors -->
{% if sponsors %}
{% for sponsor in sponsors.gold -%}
<a href="{{ sponsor.url }}" target="_blank" title="{{ sponsor.title }}"><img src="{{ sponsor.img }}" style="border-radius:15px"></a>
{% endfor -%}
{%- for sponsor in sponsors.silver -%}
<a href="{{ sponsor.url }}" target="_blank" title="{{ sponsor.title }}"><img src="{{ sponsor.img }}" style="border-radius:15px"></a>
{% endfor %}
{% endif %}
<!-- /sponsors -->
## SQL Databases in FastAPI
<a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com" target="_blank"><img src="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/img/logo-margin/logo-teal.png" style="width: 20%;"></a>

View File

@@ -1,31 +1 @@
{% extends "base.html" %}
{%- block scripts %}
{{ super() }}
<script src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/qabot@0.4"></script>
<script>
// This prevents the global search from interfering with qa-bot's internal text input.
document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => {
document.querySelectorAll('qa-bot').forEach((x) => {
x.addEventListener('keydown', (event) => {
event.stopPropagation();
});
});
});
</script>
<qa-bot
server="https://tiangolo-sqlmodel.docsqa.jina.ai"
theme="infer"
title="SQLModel Bot"
description="SQLModel, SQL databases in Python, designed for simplicity, compatibility, and robustness."
style="font-size: 0.8rem"
>
<template>
<dl>
<dt>You can ask questions about SQLModel. Try:</dt>
<dd>Which Python version is supported?</dd>
<dd>How SQLModel interacts with the database?</dd>
<dd>How can I link tables?</dd>
</dl>
</template>
</qa-bot>
{%- endblock %}

View File

@@ -2,6 +2,129 @@
## Latest Changes
* ✏️ Fix typo in `docs/tutorial/relationship-attributes/index.md`. PR [#880](https://github.com/tiangolo/sqlmodel/pull/880) by [@UncleGoogle](https://github.com/UncleGoogle).
### Docs
* ✏️ Fix internal link in `docs/tutorial/create-db-and-table.md`. PR [#911](https://github.com/tiangolo/sqlmodel/pull/911) by [@tfpgh](https://github.com/tfpgh).
* ✏️ Add missing step in `create-db-and-table-with-db-browser.md`. PR [#976](https://github.com/tiangolo/sqlmodel/pull/976) by [@alejsdev](https://github.com/alejsdev).
* ✏️ Fix typo in `docs/tutorial`. PR [#943](https://github.com/tiangolo/sqlmodel/pull/943) by [@luco17](https://github.com/luco17).
* ✏️ Fix typo in `sqlmodel/_compat.py`. PR [#950](https://github.com/tiangolo/sqlmodel/pull/950) by [@Highfire1](https://github.com/Highfire1).
* ✏️ Update pip installation command in tutorial. PR [#975](https://github.com/tiangolo/sqlmodel/pull/975) by [@alejsdev](https://github.com/alejsdev).
## 0.0.19
### Fixes
* 🐛 Fix pydantic `EmailStr` support and `max_length` in several String subclasses. PR [#966](https://github.com/tiangolo/sqlmodel/pull/966) by [@estebanx64](https://github.com/estebanx64).
* 🐛 Fix set varchar limit when `max_length` is set on Pydantic models using Pydantic v2. PR [#963](https://github.com/tiangolo/sqlmodel/pull/963) by [@estebanx64](https://github.com/estebanx64).
### Refactors
* ♻️ Refactor generate select template to isolate templated code to the minimum. PR [#967](https://github.com/tiangolo/sqlmodel/pull/967) by [@tiangolo](https://github.com/tiangolo).
### Upgrades
* ⬆️ Update minimum SQLAlchemy version to 2.0.14 as that one includes `TryCast` used internally. PR [#964](https://github.com/tiangolo/sqlmodel/pull/964) by [@tiangolo](https://github.com/tiangolo).
### Docs
* ✏️ Fix broken link to `@dataclass_transform` (now PEP 681) in `docs/features.md`. PR [#753](https://github.com/tiangolo/sqlmodel/pull/753) by [@soof-golan](https://github.com/soof-golan).
### Internal
* ⬆️ Upgrade Ruff and Black. PR [#968](https://github.com/tiangolo/sqlmodel/pull/968) by [@tiangolo](https://github.com/tiangolo).
* ⬆ Bump tiangolo/issue-manager from 0.4.1 to 0.5.0. PR [#922](https://github.com/tiangolo/sqlmodel/pull/922) by [@dependabot[bot]](https://github.com/apps/dependabot).
* 📌 Pin typing-extensions in tests for compatiblity with Python 3.8, dirty-equals, Pydantic. PR [#965](https://github.com/tiangolo/sqlmodel/pull/965) by [@tiangolo](https://github.com/tiangolo).
* 👷 Update GitHub Actions to download and upload artifacts. PR [#936](https://github.com/tiangolo/sqlmodel/pull/936) by [@tiangolo](https://github.com/tiangolo).
* 👷 Tweak CI for test-redistribute, add needed env vars for slim. PR [#929](https://github.com/tiangolo/sqlmodel/pull/929) by [@tiangolo](https://github.com/tiangolo).
## 0.0.18
### Internal
* ✨ Add `sqlmodel-slim` setup. PR [#916](https://github.com/tiangolo/sqlmodel/pull/916) by [@tiangolo](https://github.com/tiangolo).
In the future SQLModel will include the standard default recommended packages, and `sqlmodel-slim` will come without those recommended standard packages and with a group of optional dependencies `sqlmodel-slim[standard]`, equivalent to `sqlmodel`, for those that want to opt out of those packages.
* 🔧 Re-enable MkDocs Material Social plugin. PR [#915](https://github.com/tiangolo/sqlmodel/pull/915) by [@tiangolo](https://github.com/tiangolo).
## 0.0.17
### Refactors
* ♻️ Refactor types to properly support Pydantic 2.7. PR [#913](https://github.com/tiangolo/sqlmodel/pull/913) by [@tiangolo](https://github.com/tiangolo).
### Docs
* 📝 Update ModelRead to ModelPublic documentation and examples. PR [#885](https://github.com/tiangolo/sqlmodel/pull/885) by [@estebanx64](https://github.com/estebanx64).
* ✨ Add source examples for Python 3.10 and 3.9 with updated syntax. PR [#842](https://github.com/tiangolo/sqlmodel/pull/842) by [@tiangolo](https://github.com/tiangolo) and [@estebanx64](https://github.com/estebanx64).
### Internal
* ⬆ Bump actions/setup-python from 4 to 5. PR [#733](https://github.com/tiangolo/sqlmodel/pull/733) by [@dependabot[bot]](https://github.com/apps/dependabot).
* 🔨 Update internal scripts and remove unused ones. PR [#914](https://github.com/tiangolo/sqlmodel/pull/914) by [@tiangolo](https://github.com/tiangolo).
* 🔧 Migrate from Poetry to PDM for the internal build config. PR [#912](https://github.com/tiangolo/sqlmodel/pull/912) by [@tiangolo](https://github.com/tiangolo).
* 🔧 Update MkDocs, disable cards while I can upgrade to the latest MkDocs Material, that fixes an issue with social cards. PR [#888](https://github.com/tiangolo/sqlmodel/pull/888) by [@tiangolo](https://github.com/tiangolo).
* 👷 Add cron to run test once a week on monday. PR [#869](https://github.com/tiangolo/sqlmodel/pull/869) by [@estebanx64](https://github.com/estebanx64).
* ⬆️ Upgrade Ruff version and configs. PR [#859](https://github.com/tiangolo/sqlmodel/pull/859) by [@tiangolo](https://github.com/tiangolo).
* 🔥 Remove Jina QA Bot as it has been discontinued. PR [#840](https://github.com/tiangolo/sqlmodel/pull/840) by [@tiangolo](https://github.com/tiangolo).
## 0.0.16
### Features
* ✨ Add new method `.sqlmodel_update()` to update models in place, including an `update` parameter for extra data. And fix implementation for the (now documented) `update` parameter for `.model_validate()`. PR [#804](https://github.com/tiangolo/sqlmodel/pull/804) by [@tiangolo](https://github.com/tiangolo).
* Updated docs: [Update Data with FastAPI](https://sqlmodel.tiangolo.com/tutorial/fastapi/update/).
* New docs: [Update with Extra Data (Hashed Passwords) with FastAPI](https://sqlmodel.tiangolo.com/tutorial/fastapi/update-extra-data/).
## 0.0.15
### Fixes
* 🐛 Fix class initialization compatibility with Pydantic and SQLModel, fixing errors revealed by the latest Pydantic. PR [#807](https://github.com/tiangolo/sqlmodel/pull/807) by [@tiangolo](https://github.com/tiangolo).
### Internal
* ⬆ Bump tiangolo/issue-manager from 0.4.0 to 0.4.1. PR [#775](https://github.com/tiangolo/sqlmodel/pull/775) by [@dependabot[bot]](https://github.com/apps/dependabot).
* 👷 Fix GitHub Actions build docs filter paths for GitHub workflows. PR [#738](https://github.com/tiangolo/sqlmodel/pull/738) by [@tiangolo](https://github.com/tiangolo).
## 0.0.14
### Features
* ✨ Add support for Pydantic v2 (while keeping support for v1 if v2 is not available). PR [#722](https://github.com/tiangolo/sqlmodel/pull/722) by [@tiangolo](https://github.com/tiangolo) including initial work in PR [#699](https://github.com/tiangolo/sqlmodel/pull/699) by [@AntonDeMeester](https://github.com/AntonDeMeester).
## 0.0.13
### Fixes
* ♻️ Refactor type generation of selects re-order to prioritize models to optimize editor support. PR [#718](https://github.com/tiangolo/sqlmodel/pull/718) by [@tiangolo](https://github.com/tiangolo).
### Refactors
* 🔇 Do not raise deprecation warnings for execute as it's automatically used internally. PR [#716](https://github.com/tiangolo/sqlmodel/pull/716) by [@tiangolo](https://github.com/tiangolo).
* ✅ Move OpenAPI tests inline to simplify updating them with Pydantic v2. PR [#709](https://github.com/tiangolo/sqlmodel/pull/709) by [@tiangolo](https://github.com/tiangolo).
### Upgrades
* ⬆️ Add support for Python 3.11 and Python 3.12. PR [#710](https://github.com/tiangolo/sqlmodel/pull/710) by [@tiangolo](https://github.com/tiangolo).
### Docs
* ✏️ Fix typo, simplify single quote/apostrophe character in "Sister Margaret's" everywhere in the docs. PR [#721](https://github.com/tiangolo/sqlmodel/pull/721) by [@tiangolo](https://github.com/tiangolo).
* 📝 Update docs for Decimal, use proper types. PR [#719](https://github.com/tiangolo/sqlmodel/pull/719) by [@tiangolo](https://github.com/tiangolo).
* 📝 Add source examples for Python 3.9 and 3.10. PR [#715](https://github.com/tiangolo/sqlmodel/pull/715) by [@tiangolo](https://github.com/tiangolo).
### Internal
* 🙈 Update gitignore, include all coverage files. PR [#711](https://github.com/tiangolo/sqlmodel/pull/711) by [@tiangolo](https://github.com/tiangolo).
* 🔧 Update config with new pymdown extensions. PR [#712](https://github.com/tiangolo/sqlmodel/pull/712) by [@tiangolo](https://github.com/tiangolo).
* 🔧 Update docs build setup, add support for sponsors, add sponsor GOVCERT.LU. PR [#720](https://github.com/tiangolo/sqlmodel/pull/720) by [@tiangolo](https://github.com/tiangolo).
* ⬆ [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate. PR [#697](https://github.com/tiangolo/sqlmodel/pull/697) by [@pre-commit-ci[bot]](https://github.com/apps/pre-commit-ci).
* 🔧 Show line numbers in docs during local development. PR [#714](https://github.com/tiangolo/sqlmodel/pull/714) by [@tiangolo](https://github.com/tiangolo).
* 📝 Update details syntax with new pymdown extensions format. PR [#713](https://github.com/tiangolo/sqlmodel/pull/713) by [@tiangolo](https://github.com/tiangolo).
## 0.0.12
### Features

View File

@@ -6,6 +6,20 @@ Now let's talk a bit about why the `id` field **can't be `NULL`** on the databas
But the same `id` field actually **can be `None`** in the Python code, so we declare the type with `Optional[int]`, and set the default value to `Field(default=None)`:
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python hl_lines="4"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/automatic_id_none_refresh/tutorial001_py310.py[ln:4-8]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python hl_lines="4"
# Code above omitted 👆
@@ -14,14 +28,27 @@ But the same `id` field actually **can be `None`** in the Python code, so we dec
# Code below omitted 👇
```
<details>
<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
////
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/automatic_id_none_refresh/tutorial001_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/automatic_id_none_refresh/tutorial001.py!}
```
</details>
////
///
Next, I'll show you a bit more about the synchronization of data between the database and the Python code.
@@ -31,6 +58,20 @@ When do we get an actual `int` from the database in that `id` field? Let's see a
When we create a new `Hero` instance, we don't set the `id`:
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python hl_lines="3-6"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/automatic_id_none_refresh/tutorial001_py310.py[ln:21-24]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python hl_lines="3-6"
# Code above omitted 👆
@@ -39,14 +80,27 @@ When we create a new `Hero` instance, we don't set the `id`:
# Code below omitted 👇
```
<details>
<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
////
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/automatic_id_none_refresh/tutorial001_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/automatic_id_none_refresh/tutorial001.py!}
```
</details>
////
///
### How `Optional` Helps
@@ -74,6 +128,20 @@ But by declaring it with `Optional[int]`, the editor will help us to avoid writi
We can confirm that by printing our heroes before adding them to the database:
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python hl_lines="9-11"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/automatic_id_none_refresh/tutorial001_py310.py[ln:21-29]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python hl_lines="9-11"
# Code above omitted 👆
@@ -82,14 +150,27 @@ We can confirm that by printing our heroes before adding them to the database:
# Code below omitted 👇
```
<details>
<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
////
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/automatic_id_none_refresh/tutorial001_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/automatic_id_none_refresh/tutorial001.py!}
```
</details>
////
///
That will output:
@@ -120,6 +201,20 @@ After we add the `Hero` instance objects to the **session**, the IDs are *still*
We can verify by creating a session using a `with` block and adding the objects. And then printing them again:
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python hl_lines="19-21"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/automatic_id_none_refresh/tutorial001_py310.py[ln:21-39]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python hl_lines="19-21"
# Code above omitted 👆
@@ -128,14 +223,27 @@ We can verify by creating a session using a `with` block and adding the objects.
# Code below omitted 👇
```
<details>
<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
////
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/automatic_id_none_refresh/tutorial001_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/automatic_id_none_refresh/tutorial001.py!}
```
</details>
////
///
This will, again, output the `id`s of the objects as `None`:
@@ -160,7 +268,21 @@ As we saw before, the **session** is smart and doesn't talk to the database ever
Then we can `commit` the changes in the session, and print again:
```Python hl_lines="13 16-18"
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python hl_lines="13 16-18"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/automatic_id_none_refresh/tutorial001_py310.py[ln:31-46]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python hl_lines="13 16-18"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/automatic_id_none_refresh/tutorial001.py[ln:33-48]!}
@@ -168,14 +290,27 @@ Then we can `commit` the changes in the session, and print again:
# Code below omitted 👇
```
<details>
<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
////
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/automatic_id_none_refresh/tutorial001_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/automatic_id_none_refresh/tutorial001.py!}
```
</details>
////
///
And now, something unexpected happens, look at the output, it seems as if the `Hero` instance objects had no data at all:
@@ -233,7 +368,21 @@ We didn't access the object's attributes, like `hero.name`. We only accessed the
To confirm and understand how this **automatic expiration and refresh** of data when accessing attributes work, we can print some individual fields (instance attributes):
```Python hl_lines="21-23 26-28"
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python hl_lines="21-23 26-28"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/automatic_id_none_refresh/tutorial001_py310.py[ln:31-56]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python hl_lines="21-23 26-28"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/automatic_id_none_refresh/tutorial001.py[ln:33-58]!}
@@ -241,14 +390,27 @@ To confirm and understand how this **automatic expiration and refresh** of data
# Code below omitted 👇
```
<details>
<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
////
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/automatic_id_none_refresh/tutorial001_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/automatic_id_none_refresh/tutorial001.py!}
```
</details>
////
///
Now we are actually accessing the attributes, because instead of printing the whole object `hero_1`:
@@ -317,7 +479,6 @@ Hero 2 name: Spider-Boy
Hero 3 name: Rusty-Man
// Because the Session already refreshed these objects with all their data and the session knows they are not expired, it doesn't have to go again to the database for the names 🤓
```
</div>
@@ -330,7 +491,21 @@ But what if you want to **explicitly refresh** the data?
You can do that too with `session.refresh(object)`:
```Python hl_lines="30-32 35-37"
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python hl_lines="30-32 35-37"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/automatic_id_none_refresh/tutorial001_py310.py[ln:31-65]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python hl_lines="30-32 35-37"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/automatic_id_none_refresh/tutorial001.py[ln:33-67]!}
@@ -338,14 +513,27 @@ You can do that too with `session.refresh(object)`:
# Code below omitted 👇
```
<details>
<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
////
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/automatic_id_none_refresh/tutorial001_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/automatic_id_none_refresh/tutorial001.py!}
```
</details>
////
///
When Python executes this code:
@@ -403,6 +591,20 @@ Now, as a final experiment, we can also print data after the **session** is clos
There are no surprises here, it still works:
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python hl_lines="40-42"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/automatic_id_none_refresh/tutorial001_py310.py[ln:31-70]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python hl_lines="40-42"
# Code above omitted 👆
@@ -411,14 +613,27 @@ There are no surprises here, it still works:
# Code below omitted 👇
```
<details>
<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
////
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/automatic_id_none_refresh/tutorial001_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/automatic_id_none_refresh/tutorial001.py!}
```
</details>
////
///
And the output shows again the same data:
@@ -445,17 +660,34 @@ Hero 3: age=48 id=3 name='Rusty-Man' secret_name='Tommy Sharp'
Now let's review all this code once again.
!!! tip
Each one of the numbered bubbles shows what each line will print in the output.
/// tip
And as we created the **engine** with `echo=True`, we can see the SQL statements being executed at each step.
Each one of the numbered bubbles shows what each line will print in the output.
```{ .python .annotate }
And as we created the **engine** with `echo=True`, we can see the SQL statements being executed at each step.
///
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/automatic_id_none_refresh/tutorial002_py310.py!}
```
{!./docs_src/tutorial/automatic_id_none_refresh/annotations/en/tutorial002.md!}
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/automatic_id_none_refresh/tutorial002.py!}
```
{!./docs_src/tutorial/automatic_id_none_refresh/annotations/en/tutorial002.md!}
////
And here's all the output generated by running this program, all together:
<div class="termy">

View File

@@ -138,7 +138,7 @@ So, the output would be:
$ python -m project.app
Created hero: id=1 secret_name='Dive Wilson' team_id=1 name='Deadpond' age=None
Hero's team: name='Z-Force' headquarters='Sister Margarets Bar' id=1
Hero's team: name='Z-Force' headquarters='Sister Margaret's Bar' id=1
```
</div>
@@ -149,10 +149,13 @@ Let's say that for some reason you hate the idea of having all the database mode
You can also do it. 😎 There's a couple of things to keep in mind. 🤓
!!! warning
This is a bit more advanced.
/// warning
If the solution above already worked for you, that might be enough for you, and you can continue in the next chapter. 🤓
This is a bit more advanced.
If the solution above already worked for you, that might be enough for you, and you can continue in the next chapter. 🤓
///
Let's assume that now the file structure is:
@@ -240,7 +243,7 @@ And running that achieves the same result as before:
$ python -m project.app
Created hero: id=1 age=None name='Deadpond' secret_name='Dive Wilson' team_id=1
Hero's team: id=1 name='Z-Force' headquarters='Sister Margarets Bar'
Hero's team: id=1 name='Z-Force' headquarters='Sister Margaret's Bar'
```
</div>

View File

@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ The `team` table will look like this:
<td>1</td><td>Preventers</td><td>Sharp Tower</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>2</td><td>Z-Force</td><td>Sister Margarets Bar</td>
<td>2</td><td>Z-Force</td><td>Sister Margaret's Bar</td>
</tr>
</table>
@@ -37,19 +37,33 @@ Each row in the table `hero` will point to a row in the table `team`:
<img alt="table relationships" src="/img/tutorial/relationships/select/relationships2.svg">
!!! info
We will later update **Spider-Boy** to add him to the **Preventers** team too, but not yet.
/// info
We will later update **Spider-Boy** to add him to the **Preventers** team too, but not yet.
///
We will continue with the code in the previous example and we will add more things to it.
<details>
<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/connect/create_tables/tutorial001_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/connect/create_tables/tutorial001.py!}
```
</details>
////
///
Make sure you remove the `database.db` file before running the examples to get the same results.
@@ -61,6 +75,20 @@ And now we will also create the teams there. 🎉
Let's start by creating two teams:
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python hl_lines="3-9"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/connect/insert/tutorial001_py310.py[ln:29-35]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python hl_lines="3-9"
# Code above omitted 👆
@@ -69,14 +97,27 @@ Let's start by creating two teams:
# Code below omitted 👇
```
<details>
<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
////
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/connect/insert/tutorial001_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/connect/insert/tutorial001.py!}
```
</details>
////
///
This would hopefully look already familiar.
@@ -92,6 +133,20 @@ And finally we **commit** the session to save the changes to the database.
Let's not forget to add this function `create_heroes()` to the `main()` function so that we run it when calling the program from the command line:
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python hl_lines="5"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/connect/insert/tutorial001_py310.py[ln:61-63]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python hl_lines="5"
# Code above omitted 👆
@@ -100,14 +155,27 @@ Let's not forget to add this function `create_heroes()` to the `main()` function
# Code below omitted 👇
```
<details>
<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
////
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/connect/insert/tutorial001_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/connect/insert/tutorial001.py!}
```
</details>
////
///
## Run it
@@ -126,7 +194,7 @@ INFO Engine BEGIN (implicit)
INFO Engine INSERT INTO team (name, headquarters) VALUES (?, ?)
INFO Engine [generated in 0.00050s] ('Preventers', 'Sharp Tower')
INFO Engine INSERT INTO team (name, headquarters) VALUES (?, ?)
INFO Engine [cached since 0.002324s ago] ('Z-Force', 'Sister Margarets Bar')
INFO Engine [cached since 0.002324s ago] ('Z-Force', 'Sister Margaret's Bar')
INFO Engine COMMIT
```
@@ -140,6 +208,20 @@ Now let's create one hero object to start.
As the `Hero` class model now has a field (column, attribute) `team_id`, we can set it by using the ID field from the `Team` objects we just created before:
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python hl_lines="12"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/connect/insert/tutorial001_py310.py[ln:29-39]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python hl_lines="12"
# Code above omitted 👆
@@ -148,14 +230,27 @@ As the `Hero` class model now has a field (column, attribute) `team_id`, we can
# Code below omitted 👇
```
<details>
<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
////
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/connect/insert/tutorial001_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/connect/insert/tutorial001.py!}
```
</details>
////
///
We haven't committed this hero to the database yet, but there are already a couple of things to pay **attention** to.
@@ -179,6 +274,20 @@ INFO Engine [generated in 0.00025s] (2,)
Let's now create two more heroes:
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python hl_lines="14-20"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/connect/insert/tutorial001_py310.py[ln:29-50]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python hl_lines="14-20"
# Code above omitted 👆
@@ -187,14 +296,27 @@ Let's now create two more heroes:
# Code below omitted 👇
```
<details>
<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
////
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/connect/insert/tutorial001_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/connect/insert/tutorial001.py!}
```
</details>
////
///
When creating `hero_rusty_man`, we are accessing `team_preventers.id`, so that will also trigger a refresh of its data, generating an output of:
@@ -225,7 +347,21 @@ INFO Engine COMMIT
Now let's refresh and print those new heroes to see their new ID pointing to their teams:
```Python hl_lines="26-28 30-32"
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python hl_lines="26-28 30-32"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/connect/insert/tutorial001_py310.py[ln:29-58]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python hl_lines="26-28 30-32"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/connect/insert/tutorial001.py[ln:31-60]!}
@@ -233,15 +369,27 @@ Now let's refresh and print those new heroes to see their new ID pointing to the
# Code below omitted 👇
```
<details>
<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
////
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/connect/insert/tutorial001_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/connect/insert/tutorial001.py!}
```
</details>
////
///
If we execute that in the command line, it will output:

View File

@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ The team table will look like this:
<td>1</td><td>Preventers</td><td>Sharp Tower</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>2</td><td>Z-Force</td><td>Sister Margarets Bar</td>
<td>2</td><td>Z-Force</td><td>Sister Margaret's Bar</td>
</tr>
</table>
@@ -57,20 +57,45 @@ Let's start by creating the tables in code.
Import the things we need from `sqlmodel` and create a new `Team` model:
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python hl_lines="4-7"
{!./docs_src/tutorial/connect/create_tables/tutorial001_py310.py[ln:1-7]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python hl_lines="6-9"
{!./docs_src/tutorial/connect/create_tables/tutorial001.py[ln:1-9]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
<details>
<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
////
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/connect/create_tables/tutorial001_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/connect/create_tables/tutorial001.py!}
```
</details>
////
///
This is very similar to what we have been doing with the `Hero` model.
@@ -89,20 +114,45 @@ Now let's create the `hero` table.
This is the same model we have been using up to now, we are just adding the new column `team_id`:
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python hl_lines="16"
{!./docs_src/tutorial/connect/create_tables/tutorial001_py310.py[ln:1-16]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python hl_lines="18"
{!./docs_src/tutorial/connect/create_tables/tutorial001.py[ln:1-18]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
<details>
<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
////
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/connect/create_tables/tutorial001_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/connect/create_tables/tutorial001.py!}
```
</details>
////
///
Most of that should look familiar:
@@ -126,49 +176,105 @@ This is the name of the **table** in the database, so it is `"team"`, not the na
If you had a custom table name, you would use that custom table name.
!!! info
You can learn about setting a custom table name for a model in the Advanced User Guide.
/// info
You can learn about setting a custom table name for a model in the Advanced User Guide.
///
### Create the Tables
Now we can add the same code as before to create the engine and the function to create the tables:
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python hl_lines="3-4 6 9-10"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/connect/create_tables/tutorial001_py310.py[ln:19-26]!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python hl_lines="3-4 6 9-10"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/connect/create_tables/tutorial001.py[ln:21-28]!}
```
<details>
<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
////
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/connect/create_tables/tutorial001_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/connect/create_tables/tutorial001.py!}
```
</details>
////
///
And as before, we'll call this function from another function `main()`, and we'll add that function `main()` to the main block of the file:
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python hl_lines="3-4 7-8"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/connect/create_tables/tutorial001_py310.py[ln:29-34]!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python hl_lines="3-4 7-8"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/connect/create_tables/tutorial001.py[ln:31-36]!}
```
<details>
<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
////
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/connect/create_tables/tutorial001_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/connect/create_tables/tutorial001.py!}
```
</details>
////
///
## Run the Code
!!! tip
Before running the code, make sure you delete the file `database.db` to make sure you start from scratch.
/// tip
Before running the code, make sure you delete the file `database.db` to make sure you start from scratch.
///
If we run the code we have up to now, it will go and create the database file `database.db` and the tables in it we just defined, `team` and `hero`:

View File

@@ -6,7 +6,10 @@ But the main advantage and feature of SQL databases is being able to handle rela
Let's see how to use **SQLModel** to manage connected data in the next chapters. 🤝
!!! tip
We will extend this further in the next group of chapters making it even more convenient to work with in Python code, using **relationship attributes**.
/// tip
But you should start in this group of chapters first. 🤓
We will extend this further in the next group of chapters making it even more convenient to work with in Python code, using **relationship attributes**.
But you should start in this group of chapters first. 🤓
///

View File

@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ The `team` table has this data:
<td>1</td><td>Preventers</td><td>Sharp Tower</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>2</td><td>Z-Force</td><td>Sister Margarets Bar</td>
<td>2</td><td>Z-Force</td><td>Sister Margaret's Bar</td>
</tr>
</table>
@@ -35,14 +35,25 @@ And the `hero` table has this data:
We will continue with the code in the previous example and we will add more things to it.
<details>
<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/connect/insert/tutorial001_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/connect/insert/tutorial001.py!}
```
</details>
////
///
## `SELECT` Connected Data with SQL
@@ -62,8 +73,11 @@ FROM hero, team
WHERE hero.team_id = team.id
```
!!! info
Because we have two columns called `name`, one for `hero` and one for `team`, we can specify them with the prefix of the table name and the dot to make it explicit what we refer to.
/// info
Because we have two columns called `name`, one for `hero` and one for `team`, we can specify them with the prefix of the table name and the dot to make it explicit what we refer to.
///
Notice that now in the `WHERE` part we are not comparing one column with a literal value (like `hero.name = "Deadpond"`), but we are comparing two columns.
@@ -99,14 +113,17 @@ You can go ahead and try it in **DB Browser for SQLite**:
<img class="shadow" src="/img/tutorial/relationships/select/image01.png">
!!! note
Wait, what about Spider-Boy? 😱
/// note
He doesn't have a team, so his `team_id` is `NULL` in the database. And this SQL is comparing that `NULL` from the `team_id` with all the `id` fields in the rows in the `team` table.
Wait, what about Spider-Boy? 😱
As there's no team with an ID of `NULL`, it doesn't find a match.
He doesn't have a team, so his `team_id` is `NULL` in the database. And this SQL is comparing that `NULL` from the `team_id` with all the `id` fields in the rows in the `team` table.
But we'll see how to fix that later with a `LEFT JOIN`.
As there's no team with an ID of `NULL`, it doesn't find a match.
But we'll see how to fix that later with a `LEFT JOIN`.
///
## Select Related Data with **SQLModel**
@@ -118,6 +135,20 @@ Remember SQLModel's `select()` function? It can take more than one argument.
So, we can pass the `Hero` and `Team` model classes. And we can also use both their columns in the `.where()` part:
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python hl_lines="5"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/connect/select/tutorial001_py310.py[ln:61-63]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python hl_lines="5"
# Code above omitted 👆
@@ -126,14 +157,27 @@ So, we can pass the `Hero` and `Team` model classes. And we can also use both th
# Code below omitted 👇
```
<details>
<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
////
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/connect/select/tutorial001_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/connect/select/tutorial001.py!}
```
</details>
////
///
Notice that in the comparison with `==` we are using the class attributes for both `Hero.team_id` and `Team.id`.
@@ -143,6 +187,20 @@ Now we can execute it and get the `results` object.
And as we used `select` with two models, we will receive tuples of instances of those two models, so we can iterate over them naturally in a `for` loop:
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python hl_lines="7"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/connect/select/tutorial001_py310.py[ln:61-66]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python hl_lines="7"
# Code above omitted 👆
@@ -151,28 +209,58 @@ And as we used `select` with two models, we will receive tuples of instances of
# Code below omitted 👇
```
<details>
<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
////
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/connect/select/tutorial001_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/connect/select/tutorial001.py!}
```
</details>
////
///
For each iteration in the `for` loop we get a a tuple with an instance of the class `Hero` and an instance of the class `Team`.
And in this `for` loop we assign them to the variable `hero` and the variable `team`.
!!! info
There was a lot of research, design, and work behind **SQLModel** to make this provide the best possible developer experience.
/// info
And you should get autocompletion and inline errors in your editor for both `hero` and `team`. 🎉
There was a lot of research, design, and work behind **SQLModel** to make this provide the best possible developer experience.
And you should get autocompletion and inline errors in your editor for both `hero` and `team`. 🎉
///
## Add It to Main
As always, we must remember to add this new `select_heroes()` function to the `main()` function to make sure it is executed when we call this program from the command line.
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python hl_lines="6"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/connect/select/tutorial001_py310.py[ln:69-72]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python hl_lines="6"
# Code above omitted 👆
@@ -181,14 +269,27 @@ As always, we must remember to add this new `select_heroes()` function to the `m
# Code below omitted 👇
```
<details>
<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
////
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/connect/select/tutorial001_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/connect/select/tutorial001.py!}
```
</details>
////
///
## Run the Program
@@ -209,7 +310,7 @@ WHERE hero.team_id = team.id
2021-08-09 08:55:50,682 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.Engine [no key 0.00015s] ()
// Print the first hero and team
Hero: id=1 secret_name='Dive Wilson' team_id=2 name='Deadpond' age=None Team: headquarters='Sister Margarets Bar' id=2 name='Z-Force'
Hero: id=1 secret_name='Dive Wilson' team_id=2 name='Deadpond' age=None Team: headquarters='Sister Margaret's Bar' id=2 name='Z-Force'
// Print the second hero and team
Hero: id=2 secret_name='Tommy Sharp' team_id=1 name='Rusty-Man' age=48 Team: headquarters='Sharp Tower' id=1 name='Preventers'
@@ -281,10 +382,13 @@ Also in **DB Browser for SQLite**:
<img class="shadow" src="/img/tutorial/relationships/select/image02.png">
!!! tip
Why bother with all this if the result is the same?
/// tip
This `JOIN` will be useful in a bit to be able to also get Spider-Boy, even if he doesn't have a team.
Why bother with all this if the result is the same?
This `JOIN` will be useful in a bit to be able to also get Spider-Boy, even if he doesn't have a team.
///
## Join Tables in **SQLModel**
@@ -292,6 +396,20 @@ The same way there's a `.where()` available when using `select()`, there's also
And in SQLModel (actually SQLAlchemy), when using the `.join()`, because we already declared what is the `foreign_key` when creating the models, we don't have to pass an `ON` part, it is inferred automatically:
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python hl_lines="5"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/connect/select/tutorial002_py310.py[ln:61-66]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python hl_lines="5"
# Code above omitted 👆
@@ -300,14 +418,27 @@ And in SQLModel (actually SQLAlchemy), when using the `.join()`, because we alre
# Code below omitted 👇
```
<details>
<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
////
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/connect/select/tutorial002_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/connect/select/tutorial002.py!}
```
</details>
////
///
Also notice that we are still including `Team` in the `select(Hero, Team)`, because we still want to access that data.
@@ -328,7 +459,7 @@ FROM hero JOIN team ON team.id = hero.team_id
INFO Engine [no key 0.00032s] ()
// Print the first hero and team
Hero: id=1 secret_name='Dive Wilson' team_id=2 name='Deadpond' age=None Team: headquarters='Sister Margarets Bar' id=2 name='Z-Force'
Hero: id=1 secret_name='Dive Wilson' team_id=2 name='Deadpond' age=None Team: headquarters='Sister Margaret's Bar' id=2 name='Z-Force'
// Print the second hero and team
Hero: id=2 secret_name='Tommy Sharp' team_id=1 name='Rusty-Man' age=48 Team: headquarters='Sharp Tower' id=1 name='Preventers'
@@ -420,8 +551,11 @@ And that would return the following result, including **Spider-Boy** 🎉:
</tr>
</table>
!!! tip
The only difference between this query and the previous is that extra `LEFT OUTER`.
/// tip
The only difference between this query and the previous is that extra `LEFT OUTER`.
///
And here's another of the SQL variations, you could write `LEFT OUTER JOIN` or just `LEFT JOIN`, it means the same.
@@ -431,6 +565,20 @@ Now let's replicate the same query in **SQLModel**.
`.join()` has a parameter we can use `isouter=True` to make the `JOIN` be a `LEFT OUTER JOIN`:
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python hl_lines="5"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/connect/select/tutorial003_py310.py[ln:61-66]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python hl_lines="5"
# Code above omitted 👆
@@ -439,14 +587,27 @@ Now let's replicate the same query in **SQLModel**.
# Code below omitted 👇
```
<details>
<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
////
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/connect/select/tutorial003_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/connect/select/tutorial003.py!}
```
</details>
////
///
And if we run it, it will output:
@@ -464,7 +625,7 @@ FROM hero LEFT OUTER JOIN team ON team.id = hero.team_id
INFO Engine [no key 0.00051s] ()
// Print the first hero and team
Hero: id=1 secret_name='Dive Wilson' team_id=2 name='Deadpond' age=None Team: headquarters='Sister Margarets Bar' id=2 name='Z-Force'
Hero: id=1 secret_name='Dive Wilson' team_id=2 name='Deadpond' age=None Team: headquarters='Sister Margaret's Bar' id=2 name='Z-Force'
// Print the second hero and team
Hero: id=2 secret_name='Tommy Sharp' team_id=1 name='Rusty-Man' age=48 Team: headquarters='Sharp Tower' id=1 name='Preventers'
// Print the third hero and team, we included Spider-Boy 🎉
@@ -493,6 +654,20 @@ But we would still be able to **filter** the rows with it. 🤓
We could even add some additional `.where()` after `.join()` to filter the data more, for example to return only the heroes from one team:
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python hl_lines="5"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/connect/select/tutorial004_py310.py[ln:61-66]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python hl_lines="5"
# Code above omitted 👆
@@ -501,14 +676,27 @@ We could even add some additional `.where()` after `.join()` to filter the data
# Code below omitted 👇
```
<details>
<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
////
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/connect/select/tutorial004_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/connect/select/tutorial004.py!}
```
</details>
////
///
Here we are **filtering** with `.where()` to get only the heroes that belong to the **Preventers** team.
@@ -539,6 +727,20 @@ Preventer Hero: id=2 secret_name='Tommy Sharp' team_id=1 name='Rusty-Man' age=48
By putting the `Team` in `select()` we tell **SQLModel** and the database that we want the team data too.
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python hl_lines="5"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/connect/select/tutorial005_py310.py[ln:61-66]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python hl_lines="5"
# Code above omitted 👆
@@ -547,14 +749,27 @@ By putting the `Team` in `select()` we tell **SQLModel** and the database that w
# Code below omitted 👇
```
<details>
<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
////
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/connect/select/tutorial005_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/connect/select/tutorial005.py!}
```
</details>
////
///
And if we run that, it will output:

View File

@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ We currently have a `team` table:
<td>1</td><td>Preventers</td><td>Sharp Tower</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>2</td><td>Z-Force</td><td>Sister Margarets Bar</td>
<td>2</td><td>Z-Force</td><td>Sister Margaret's Bar</td>
</tr>
</table>
@@ -35,14 +35,25 @@ Let's see how to **remove** connections between rows in tables.
We will continue with the code from the previous chapter.
<details>
<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/connect/update/tutorial001_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/connect/update/tutorial001.py!}
```
</details>
////
///
## Break a Connection
@@ -52,6 +63,24 @@ Let's say **Spider-Boy** is tired of the lack of friendly neighbors and wants to
We can simply set the `team_id` to `None`, and now it doesn't have a connection with the team:
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python hl_lines="8"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/connect/delete/tutorial001_py310.py[ln:29-30]!}
# Previous code here omitted 👈
{!./docs_src/tutorial/connect/delete/tutorial001_py310.py[ln:66-70]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python hl_lines="8"
# Code above omitted 👆
@@ -64,14 +93,27 @@ We can simply set the `team_id` to `None`, and now it doesn't have a connection
# Code below omitted 👇
```
<details>
<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
////
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/connect/delete/tutorial001_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/connect/delete/tutorial001.py!}
```
</details>
////
///
Again, we just **assign** a value to that field attribute `team_id`, now the value is `None`, which means `NULL` in the database. Then we `add()` the hero to the session, and then `commit()`.

View File

@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ At this point we have a `team` table:
<td>1</td><td>Preventers</td><td>Sharp Tower</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>2</td><td>Z-Force</td><td>Sister Margarets Bar</td>
<td>2</td><td>Z-Force</td><td>Sister Margaret's Bar</td>
</tr>
</table>
@@ -37,14 +37,25 @@ Now we'll see how to **update** those connections between rows tables.
We will continue with the code we used to create some heroes, and we'll update them.
<details>
<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/connect/insert/tutorial001_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/connect/insert/tutorial001.py!}
```
</details>
////
///
## Assign a Team to a Hero
@@ -52,6 +63,24 @@ Let's say that **Tommy Sharp** uses his "rich uncle" charms to recruit **Spider-
Doing it is just like updating any other field:
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python hl_lines="8"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/connect/update/tutorial001_py310.py[ln:29-30]!}
# Previous code here omitted 👈
{!./docs_src/tutorial/connect/update/tutorial001_py310.py[ln:60-64]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python hl_lines="8"
# Code above omitted 👆
@@ -64,14 +93,27 @@ Doing it is just like updating any other field:
# Code below omitted 👇
```
<details>
<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
////
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/connect/update/tutorial001_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/connect/update/tutorial001.py!}
```
</details>
////
///
We can simply **assign** a value to that field attribute `team_id`, then `add()` the hero to the session, and then `commit()`.

View File

@@ -42,8 +42,11 @@ Click the button <kbd>New Database</kbd>.
A dialog should show up. Go to the [project directory you created](./index.md#create-a-project){.internal-link target=_blank} and save the file with a name of `database.db`.
!!! tip
It's common to save SQLite database files with an extension of `.db`. Sometimes also `.sqlite`.
/// tip
It's common to save SQLite database files with an extension of `.db`. Sometimes also `.sqlite`.
///
## Create a Table
@@ -122,6 +125,8 @@ And delete that `./database.db` file in your project directory.
And click again on <kbd>New Database</kbd>.
Save the file with the name `database.db` again.
This time, if you see the dialog to create a new table, just close it by clicking the <kbd>Cancel</kbd> button.
And now, go to the tab <kbd>Execute SQL</kbd>.

View File

@@ -33,34 +33,65 @@ The first thing we need to do is create a class to represent the data in the tab
A class like this that represents some data is commonly called a **model**.
!!! tip
That's why this package is called `SQLModel`. Because it's mainly used to create **SQL Models**.
/// tip
That's why this package is called `SQLModel`. Because it's mainly used to create **SQL Models**.
///
For that, we will import `SQLModel` (plus other things we will also use) and create a class `Hero` that inherits from `SQLModel` and represents the **table model** for our heroes:
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python hl_lines="1 4"
{!./docs_src/tutorial/create_db_and_table/tutorial001_py310.py[ln:1-8]!}
# More code here later 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python hl_lines="3 6"
{!./docs_src/tutorial/create_db_and_table/tutorial001.py[ln:1-10]!}
# More code here later 👇
```
<details>
<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
////
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/create_db_and_table/tutorial001_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/create_db_and_table/tutorial001.py!}
```
</details>
////
///
This class `Hero` **represents the table** for our heroes. And each instance we create later will **represent a row** in the table.
We use the config `table=True` to tell **SQLModel** that this is a **table model**, it represents a table.
!!! info
It's also possible to have models without `table=True`, those would be only **data models**, without a table in the database, they would not be **table models**.
/// info
Those **data models** will be **very useful later**, but for now, we'll just keep adding the `table=True` configuration.
It's also possible to have models without `table=True`, those would be only **data models**, without a table in the database, they would not be **table models**.
Those **data models** will be **very useful later**, but for now, we'll just keep adding the `table=True` configuration.
///
## Define the Fields, Columns
@@ -70,20 +101,45 @@ The name of each of these variables will be the name of the column in the table.
And the type of each of them will also be the type of table column:
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python hl_lines="1 5-8"
{!./docs_src/tutorial/create_db_and_table/tutorial001_py310.py[ln:1-8]!}
# More code here later 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python hl_lines="1 3 7-10"
{!./docs_src/tutorial/create_db_and_table/tutorial001.py[ln:1-10]!}
# More code here later 👇
```
<details>
<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
////
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/create_db_and_table/tutorial001_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/create_db_and_table/tutorial001.py!}
```
</details>
////
///
Let's now see with more detail these field/column declarations.
@@ -97,23 +153,51 @@ That is the standard way to declare that something "could be an `int` or `None`"
And we also set the default value of `age` to `None`.
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python hl_lines="8"
{!./docs_src/tutorial/create_db_and_table/tutorial001_py310.py[ln:1-8]!}
# More code here later 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python hl_lines="1 10"
{!./docs_src/tutorial/create_db_and_table/tutorial001.py[ln:1-10]!}
# More code here later 👇
```
<details>
<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
////
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/create_db_and_table/tutorial001_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/create_db_and_table/tutorial001.py!}
```
</details>
////
!!! tip
We also define `id` with `Optional`. But we will talk about `id` below.
///
/// tip
We also define `id` with `Optional`. But we will talk about `id` below.
///
This way, we tell **SQLModel** that `age` is not required when validating data and that it has a default value of `None`.
@@ -121,10 +205,13 @@ And we also tell it that, in the SQL database, the default value of `age` is `NU
So, this column is "nullable" (can be set to `NULL`).
!!! info
In terms of **Pydantic**, `age` is an **optional field**.
/// info
In terms of **SQLAlchemy**, `age` is a **nullable column**.
In terms of **Pydantic**, `age` is an **optional field**.
In terms of **SQLAlchemy**, `age` is a **nullable column**.
///
### Primary Key `id`
@@ -134,20 +221,45 @@ So, we need to mark `id` as the **primary key**.
To do that, we use the special `Field` function from `sqlmodel` and set the argument `primary_key=True`:
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python hl_lines="1 5"
{!./docs_src/tutorial/create_db_and_table/tutorial001_py310.py[ln:1-8]!}
# More code here later 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python hl_lines="3 7"
{!./docs_src/tutorial/create_db_and_table/tutorial001.py[ln:1-10]!}
# More code here later 👇
```
<details>
<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
////
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/create_db_and_table/tutorial001_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/create_db_and_table/tutorial001.py!}
```
</details>
////
///
That way, we tell **SQLModel** that this `id` field/column is the primary key of the table.
@@ -190,31 +302,59 @@ If you have a server database (for example PostgreSQL or MySQL), the **engine**
Creating the **engine** is very simple, just call `create_engine()` with a URL for the database to use:
```Python hl_lines="3 16"
{!./docs_src/tutorial/create_db_and_table/tutorial001.py[ln:1-16]!}
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python hl_lines="1 14"
{!./docs_src/tutorial/create_db_and_table/tutorial001_py310.py[ln:1-16]!}
# More code here later 👇
```
<details>
<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python hl_lines="3 16"
{!./docs_src/tutorial/create_db_and_table/tutorial001.py[ln:1-18]!}
# More code here later 👇
```
////
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/create_db_and_table/tutorial001_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/create_db_and_table/tutorial001.py!}
```
</details>
////
///
You should normally have a single **engine** object for your whole application and re-use it everywhere.
!!! tip
There's another related thing called a **Session** that normally should *not* be a single object per application.
/// tip
But we will talk about it later.
There's another related thing called a **Session** that normally should *not* be a single object per application.
But we will talk about it later.
///
### Engine Database URL
Each supported database has it's own URL type. For example, for **SQLite** it is `sqlite:///` followed by the file path. For example:
Each supported database has its own URL type. For example, for **SQLite** it is `sqlite:///` followed by the file path. For example:
* `sqlite:///database.db`
* `sqlite:///databases/local/application.db`
@@ -224,20 +364,45 @@ SQLite supports a special database that lives all *in memory*. Hence, it's very
* `sqlite://`
```Python hl_lines="13-14 16"
{!./docs_src/tutorial/create_db_and_table/tutorial001.py[ln:1-19]!}
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python hl_lines="11-12 14"
{!./docs_src/tutorial/create_db_and_table/tutorial001_py310.py[ln:1-16]!}
# More code here later 👇
```
<details>
<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python hl_lines="13-14 16"
{!./docs_src/tutorial/create_db_and_table/tutorial001.py[ln:1-18]!}
# More code here later 👇
```
////
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/create_db_and_table/tutorial001_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/create_db_and_table/tutorial001.py!}
```
</details>
////
///
You can read a lot more about all the databases supported by **SQLAlchemy** (and that way supported by **SQLModel**) in the <a href="https://docs.sqlalchemy.org/en/14/core/engines.html" class="external-link" target="_blank">SQLAlchemy documentation</a>.
@@ -249,20 +414,45 @@ It will make the engine print all the SQL statements it executes, which can help
It is particularly useful for **learning** and **debugging**:
```Python hl_lines="16"
{!./docs_src/tutorial/create_db_and_table/tutorial001.py[ln:1-16]!}
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python hl_lines="14"
{!./docs_src/tutorial/create_db_and_table/tutorial001_py310.py[ln:1-16]!}
# More code here later 👇
```
<details>
<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python hl_lines="16"
{!./docs_src/tutorial/create_db_and_table/tutorial001.py[ln:1-18]!}
# More code here later 👇
```
////
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/create_db_and_table/tutorial001_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/create_db_and_table/tutorial001.py!}
```
</details>
////
///
But in production, you would probably want to remove `echo=True`:
@@ -272,12 +462,15 @@ engine = create_engine(sqlite_url)
### Engine Technical Details
!!! tip
If you didn't know about SQLAlchemy before and are just learning **SQLModel**, you can probably skip this section, scroll below.
/// tip
If you didn't know about SQLAlchemy before and are just learning **SQLModel**, you can probably skip this section, scroll below.
///
You can read a lot more about the engine in the <a href="https://docs.sqlalchemy.org/en/14/tutorial/engine.html" class="external-link" target="_blank">SQLAlchemy documentation</a>.
**SQLModel** defines it's own `create_engine()` function. It is the same as SQLAlchemy's `create_engine()`, but with the difference that it defaults to use `future=True` (which means that it uses the style of the latest SQLAlchemy, 1.4, and the future 2.0).
**SQLModel** defines its own `create_engine()` function. It is the same as SQLAlchemy's `create_engine()`, but with the difference that it defaults to use `future=True` (which means that it uses the style of the latest SQLAlchemy, 1.4, and the future 2.0).
And SQLModel's version of `create_engine()` is type annotated internally, so your editor will be able to help you with autocompletion and inline errors.
@@ -285,16 +478,31 @@ And SQLModel's version of `create_engine()` is type annotated internally, so you
Now everything is in place to finally create the database and table:
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python hl_lines="16"
{!./docs_src/tutorial/create_db_and_table/tutorial001_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python hl_lines="18"
{!./docs_src/tutorial/create_db_and_table/tutorial001.py!}
```
!!! tip
Creating the engine doesn't create the `database.db` file.
////
But once we run `SQLModel.metadata.create_all(engine)`, it creates the `database.db` file **and** creates the `hero` table in that database.
/// tip
Both things are done in this single step.
Creating the engine doesn't create the `database.db` file.
But once we run `SQLModel.metadata.create_all(engine)`, it creates the `database.db` file **and** creates the `hero` table in that database.
Both things are done in this single step.
///
Let's unwrap that:
@@ -395,17 +603,31 @@ Let's run the program to see it all working.
Put the code it in a file `app.py` if you haven't already.
<details>
<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/create_db_and_table/tutorial001_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/create_db_and_table/tutorial001.py!}
```
</details>
////
!!! tip
Remember to [activate the virtual environment](./index.md#create-a-python-virtual-environment){.internal-link target=_blank} before running it.
///
/// tip
Remember to [activate the virtual environment](./index.md#create-a-python-virtual-environment){.internal-link target=_blank} before running it.
///
Now run the program with Python:
@@ -442,20 +664,23 @@ INFO Engine COMMIT
</div>
!!! info
I simplified the output above a bit to make it easier to read.
/// info
But in reality, instead of showing:
I simplified the output above a bit to make it easier to read.
```
INFO Engine BEGIN (implicit)
```
But in reality, instead of showing:
it would show something like:
```
INFO Engine BEGIN (implicit)
```
```
2021-07-25 21:37:39,175 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.Engine BEGIN (implicit)
```
it would show something like:
```
2021-07-25 21:37:39,175 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.Engine BEGIN (implicit)
```
///
### `TEXT` or `VARCHAR`
@@ -463,7 +688,7 @@ In the example in the previous chapter we created the table using `TEXT` for som
But in this output SQLAlchemy is using `VARCHAR` instead. Let's see what's going on.
Remember that [each SQL Database has some different variations in what they support?](../databases/#sql-the-language){.internal-link target=_blank}
Remember that [each SQL Database has some different variations in what they support?](../databases.md#sql-the-language){.internal-link target=_blank}
This is one of the differences. Each database supports some particular **data types**, like `INTEGER` and `TEXT`.
@@ -479,8 +704,11 @@ Additional to the difference between those two data types, some databases like M
To make it easier to start using **SQLModel** right away independent of the database you use (even with MySQL), and without any extra configurations, by default, `str` fields are interpreted as `VARCHAR` in most databases and `VARCHAR(255)` in MySQL, this way you know the same class will be compatible with the most popular databases without extra effort.
!!! tip
You will learn how to change the maximum length of string columns later in the Advanced Tutorial - User Guide.
/// tip
You will learn how to change the maximum length of string columns later in the Advanced Tutorial - User Guide.
///
### Verify the Database
@@ -498,20 +726,45 @@ In this example it's just the `SQLModel.metadata.create_all(engine)`.
Let's put it in a function `create_db_and_tables()`:
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python hl_lines="17-18"
{!./docs_src/tutorial/create_db_and_table/tutorial002_py310.py[ln:1-18]!}
# More code here later 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python hl_lines="19-20"
{!./docs_src/tutorial/create_db_and_table/tutorial002.py[ln:1-20]!}
# More code here later 👇
```
<details>
<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
////
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/create_db_and_table/tutorial002_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/create_db_and_table/tutorial002.py!}
```
</details>
////
///
If `SQLModel.metadata.create_all(engine)` was not in a function and we tried to import something from this module (from this file) in another, it would try to create the database and table **every time** we executed that other file that imported this module.
@@ -519,8 +772,11 @@ We don't want that to happen like that, only when we **intend** it to happen, th
Now we would be able to, for example, import the `Hero` class in some other file without having those **side effects**.
!!! tip
😅 **Spoiler alert**: The function is called `create_db_and_tables()` because we will have more **tables** in the future with other classes apart from `Hero`. 🚀
/// tip
😅 **Spoiler alert**: The function is called `create_db_and_tables()` because we will have more **tables** in the future with other classes apart from `Hero`. 🚀
///
### Create Data as a Script
@@ -528,17 +784,32 @@ We prevented the side effects when importing something from your `app.py` file.
But we still want it to **create the database and table** when we call it with Python directly as an independent script from the terminal, just as as above.
!!! tip
Think of the word **script** and **program** as interchangeable.
/// tip
The word **script** often implies that the code could be run independently and easily. Or in some cases it refers to a relatively simple program.
Think of the word **script** and **program** as interchangeable.
The word **script** often implies that the code could be run independently and easily. Or in some cases it refers to a relatively simple program.
///
For that we can use the special variable `__name__` in an `if` block:
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python hl_lines="21-22"
{!./docs_src/tutorial/create_db_and_table/tutorial002_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python hl_lines="23-24"
{!./docs_src/tutorial/create_db_and_table/tutorial002.py!}
```
////
### About `__name__ == "__main__"`
The main purpose of the `__name__ == "__main__"` is to have some code that is executed when your file is called with:
@@ -559,10 +830,13 @@ $ python app.py
from app import Hero
```
!!! tip
That `if` block using `if __name__ == "__main__":` is sometimes called the "**main block**".
/// tip
The official name (in the <a href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/__main__.html" class="external-link" target="_blank">Python docs</a>) is "**Top-level script environment**".
That `if` block using `if __name__ == "__main__":` is sometimes called the "**main block**".
The official name (in the <a href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/__main__.html" class="external-link" target="_blank">Python docs</a>) is "**Top-level script environment**".
///
#### More details
@@ -614,8 +888,11 @@ if __name__ == "__main__":
...will **not** be executed.
!!! info
For more information, check <a href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/__main__.html" class="external-link" target="_blank">the official Python docs</a>.
/// info
For more information, check <a href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/__main__.html" class="external-link" target="_blank">the official Python docs</a>.
///
## Last Review
@@ -625,14 +902,31 @@ But now we can import things from this module in other files.
Now, let's give the code a final look:
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```{.python .annotate}
{!./docs_src/tutorial/create_db_and_table/tutorial003_py310.py!}
```
{!./docs_src/tutorial/create_db_and_table/annotations/en/tutorial003.md!}
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```{.python .annotate}
{!./docs_src/tutorial/create_db_and_table/tutorial003.py!}
```
{!./docs_src/tutorial/create_db_and_table/annotations/en/tutorial003.md!}
!!! tip
Review what each line does by clicking each number bubble in the code. 👆
////
/// tip
Review what each line does by clicking each number bubble in the code. 👆
///
## Recap

View File

@@ -6,14 +6,25 @@ Now let's delete some data using **SQLModel**.
As before, we'll continue from where we left off with the previous code.
<details>
<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/update/tutorial003_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/update/tutorial003.py!}
```
</details>
////
///
Remember to remove the `database.db` file before running the examples to get the same results.
@@ -63,6 +74,20 @@ To get the same results, delete the `database.db` file before running the exampl
We'll start by selecting the hero `"Spider-Youngster"` that we updated in the previous chapter, this is the one we will delete:
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python hl_lines="5"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/delete/tutorial001_py310.py[ln:70-75]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python hl_lines="5"
# Code above omitted 👆
@@ -71,31 +96,69 @@ We'll start by selecting the hero `"Spider-Youngster"` that we updated in the pr
# Code below omitted 👇
```
<details>
<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
////
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/delete/tutorial001_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/delete/tutorial001.py!}
```
</details>
////
///
As this is a new function `delete_heroes()`, we'll also add it to the `main()` function so that we call it when executing the program from the command line:
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python hl_lines="7"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/delete/tutorial001_py310.py[ln:90-98]!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python hl_lines="7"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/delete/tutorial001.py[ln:92-100]!}
```
<details>
<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
////
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/delete/tutorial001_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/delete/tutorial001.py!}
```
</details>
////
///
That will print the same existing hero **Spider-Youngster**:
@@ -123,6 +186,20 @@ Hero: name='Spider-Youngster' secret_name='Pedro Parqueador' age=16 id=2
Now, very similar to how we used `session.add()` to add or update new heroes, we can use `session.delete()` to delete the hero from the session:
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python hl_lines="10"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/delete/tutorial001_py310.py[ln:70-77]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python hl_lines="10"
# Code above omitted 👆
@@ -131,14 +208,27 @@ Now, very similar to how we used `session.add()` to add or update new heroes, we
# Code below omitted 👇
```
<details>
<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
////
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/delete/tutorial001_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/delete/tutorial001.py!}
```
</details>
////
///
## Commit the Session
@@ -146,6 +236,20 @@ To save the current changes in the session, **commit** it.
This will save all the changes stored in the **session**, like the deleted hero:
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python hl_lines="11"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/delete/tutorial001_py310.py[ln:70-78]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python hl_lines="11"
# Code above omitted 👆
@@ -154,14 +258,27 @@ This will save all the changes stored in the **session**, like the deleted hero:
# Code below omitted 👇
```
<details>
<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
////
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/delete/tutorial001_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/delete/tutorial001.py!}
```
</details>
////
///
The same as we have seen before, `.commit()` will also save anything else that was added to the session. Including updates, or created heroes.
@@ -196,6 +313,20 @@ As the object is not connected to the session, it is not marked as "expired", th
Because of that, the object still contains its attributes with the data in it, so we can print it:
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python hl_lines="13"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/delete/tutorial001_py310.py[ln:70-80]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python hl_lines="13"
# Code above omitted 👆
@@ -204,14 +335,27 @@ Because of that, the object still contains its attributes with the data in it, s
# Code below omitted 👇
```
<details>
<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
////
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/delete/tutorial001_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/delete/tutorial001.py!}
```
</details>
////
///
This will output:
@@ -234,6 +378,20 @@ Deleted hero: name='Spider-Youngster' secret_name='Pedro Parqueador' age=16 id=2
To confirm if it was deleted, now let's query the database again, with the same `"Spider-Youngster"` name:
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python hl_lines="15-17"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/delete/tutorial001_py310.py[ln:70-84]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python hl_lines="15-17"
# Code above omitted 👆
@@ -242,14 +400,27 @@ To confirm if it was deleted, now let's query the database again, with the same
# Code below omitted 👇
```
<details>
<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
////
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/delete/tutorial001_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/delete/tutorial001.py!}
```
</details>
////
///
Here we are using `results.first()` to get the first object found (in case it found multiple) or `None`, if it didn't find anything.
@@ -286,6 +457,20 @@ Now let's just confirm that, indeed, no hero was found in the database with that
We'll do it by checking that the "first" item in the `results` is `None`:
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python hl_lines="19-20"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/delete/tutorial001_py310.py[ln:70-87]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python hl_lines="19-20"
# Code above omitted 👆
@@ -294,14 +479,27 @@ We'll do it by checking that the "first" item in the `results` is `None`:
# Code below omitted 👇
```
<details>
<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
////
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/delete/tutorial001_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/delete/tutorial001.py!}
```
</details>
////
///
This will output:
@@ -327,14 +525,31 @@ INFO Engine ROLLBACK
Now let's review all that code:
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```{ .python .annotate hl_lines="70-88" }
{!./docs_src/tutorial/delete/tutorial002_py310.py!}
```
{!./docs_src/tutorial/delete/annotations/en/tutorial002.md!}
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```{ .python .annotate hl_lines="72-90" }
{!./docs_src/tutorial/delete/tutorial002.py!}
```
{!./docs_src/tutorial/delete/annotations/en/tutorial002.md!}
!!! tip
Check out the number bubbles to see what is done by each line of code.
////
/// tip
Check out the number bubbles to see what is done by each line of code.
///
## Recap

View File

@@ -12,6 +12,32 @@ We get a `hero_id` from the path parameter and verify if it exists, just as we d
And if we actually find a hero, we just delete it with the **session**.
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python hl_lines="3-11"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/delete/tutorial001_py310.py[ln:89-97]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.9+
```Python hl_lines="3-11"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/delete/tutorial001_py39.py[ln:91-99]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python hl_lines="3-11"
# Code above omitted 👆
@@ -20,14 +46,35 @@ And if we actually find a hero, we just delete it with the **session**.
# Code below omitted 👇
```
<details>
<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
////
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/delete/tutorial001_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.9+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/delete/tutorial001_py39.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/delete/tutorial001.py!}
```
</details>
////
///
After deleting it successfully, we just return a response of:

View File

@@ -8,8 +8,11 @@ So, we probably want to limit it.
Let's use the same **offset** and **limit** we learned about in the previous tutorial chapters for the API.
!!! info
In many cases, this is also called **pagination**.
/// info
In many cases, this is also called **pagination**.
///
## Add a Limit and Offset to the Query Parameters
@@ -19,6 +22,36 @@ By default, we will return the first results from the database, so `offset` will
And by default, we will return a maximum of `100` heroes, so `limit` will have a default value of `100`.
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python hl_lines="1 7 9"
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/limit_and_offset/tutorial001_py310.py[ln:1-2]!}
# Code here omitted 👈
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/limit_and_offset/tutorial001_py310.py[ln:52-56]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.9+
```Python hl_lines="3 9 11"
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/limit_and_offset/tutorial001_py39.py[ln:1-4]!}
# Code here omitted 👈
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/limit_and_offset/tutorial001_py39.py[ln:54-58]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python hl_lines="3 9 11"
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/limit_and_offset/tutorial001.py[ln:1-4]!}
@@ -29,14 +62,35 @@ And by default, we will return a maximum of `100` heroes, so `limit` will have a
# Code below omitted 👇
```
<details>
<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
////
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/limit_and_offset/tutorial001_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.9+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/limit_and_offset/tutorial001_py39.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/limit_and_offset/tutorial001.py!}
```
</details>
////
///
We want to allow clients to set different `offset` and `limit` values.
@@ -46,12 +100,15 @@ So, to prevent it, we add additional validation to the `limit` query parameter,
This way, a client can decide to take fewer heroes if they want, but not more.
!!! info
If you need to refresh how query parameters and their validation work, check out the docs in FastAPI:
/// info
* <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/query-params/" class="external-link" target="_blank">Query Parameters</a>
* <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/query-params-str-validations/" class="external-link" target="_blank">Query Parameters and String Validations</a>
* <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/path-params-numeric-validations/" class="external-link" target="_blank">Path Parameters and Numeric Validations</a>
If you need to refresh how query parameters and their validation work, check out the docs in FastAPI:
* <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/query-params/" class="external-link" target="_blank">Query Parameters</a>
* <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/query-params-str-validations/" class="external-link" target="_blank">Query Parameters and String Validations</a>
* <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/path-params-numeric-validations/" class="external-link" target="_blank">Path Parameters and Numeric Validations</a>
///
## Check the Docs UI

View File

@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ But we also want to have a `HeroCreate` for the data we want to receive when **c
* `secret_name`, required
* `age`, optional
And we want to have a `HeroRead` with the `id` field, but this time annotated with `id: int`, instead of `id: Optional[int]`, to make it clear that it is required in responses **read** from the clients:
And we want to have a `HeroPublic` with the `id` field, but this time annotated with `id: int`, instead of `id: Optional[int]`, to make it clear that it is required in responses **read** from the clients:
* `id`, required
* `name`, required
@@ -109,6 +109,36 @@ And we want to have a `HeroRead` with the `id` field, but this time annotated wi
The simplest way to solve it could be to create **multiple models**, each one with all the corresponding fields:
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python hl_lines="5-9 12-15 18-22"
# This would work, but there's a better option below 🚨
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/multiple_models/tutorial001_py310.py[ln:5-22]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.9+
```Python hl_lines="5-9 12-15 18-22"
# This would work, but there's a better option below 🚨
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/multiple_models/tutorial001_py39.py[ln:7-24]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python hl_lines="5-9 12-15 18-22"
# This would work, but there's a better option below 🚨
@@ -119,25 +149,49 @@ The simplest way to solve it could be to create **multiple models**, each one wi
# Code below omitted 👇
```
<details>
<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
////
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/multiple_models/tutorial001_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.9+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/multiple_models/tutorial001_py39.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/multiple_models/tutorial001.py!}
```
</details>
////
///
Here's the important detail, and probably the most important feature of **SQLModel**: only `Hero` is declared with `table = True`.
This means that the class `Hero` represents a **table** in the database. It is both a **Pydantic** model and a **SQLAlchemy** model.
But `HeroCreate` and `HeroRead` don't have `table = True`. They are only **data models**, they are only **Pydantic** models. They won't be used with the database, but only to declare data schemas for the API (or for other uses).
But `HeroCreate` and `HeroPublic` don't have `table = True`. They are only **data models**, they are only **Pydantic** models. They won't be used with the database, but only to declare data schemas for the API (or for other uses).
This also means that `SQLModel.metadata.create_all()` won't create tables in the database for `HeroCreate` and `HeroRead`, because they don't have `table = True`, which is exactly what we want. 🚀
This also means that `SQLModel.metadata.create_all()` won't create tables in the database for `HeroCreate` and `HeroPublic`, because they don't have `table = True`, which is exactly what we want. 🚀
!!! tip
We will improve this code to avoid duplicating the fields, but for now we can continue learning with these models.
/// tip
We will improve this code to avoid duplicating the fields, but for now we can continue learning with these models.
///
## Use Multiple Models to Create a Hero
@@ -145,6 +199,32 @@ Let's now see how to use these new models in the FastAPI application.
Let's first check how is the process to create a hero now:
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python hl_lines="3-4 6"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/multiple_models/tutorial001_py310.py[ln:44-51]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.9+
```Python hl_lines="3-4 6"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/multiple_models/tutorial001_py39.py[ln:46-53]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python hl_lines="3-4 6"
# Code above omitted 👆
@@ -153,19 +233,66 @@ Let's first check how is the process to create a hero now:
# Code below omitted 👇
```
<details>
<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
////
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/multiple_models/tutorial001_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.9+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/multiple_models/tutorial001_py39.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/multiple_models/tutorial001.py!}
```
</details>
////
///
Let's check that in detail.
Now we use the type annotation `HeroCreate` for the request JSON data in the `hero` parameter of the **path operation function**.
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python hl_lines="3"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/multiple_models/tutorial001_py310.py[ln:45]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.9+
```Python hl_lines="3"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/multiple_models/tutorial001_py39.py[ln:47]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python hl_lines="3"
# Code above omitted 👆
@@ -174,15 +301,45 @@ Now we use the type annotation `HeroCreate` for the request JSON data in the `he
# Code below omitted 👇
```
Then we create a new `Hero` (this is the actual **table** model that saves things to the database) using `Hero.from_orm()`.
////
The method `.from_orm()` reads data from another object with attributes and creates a new instance of this class, in this case `Hero`.
Then we create a new `Hero` (this is the actual **table** model that saves things to the database) using `Hero.model_validate()`.
The alternative is `Hero.parse_obj()` that reads data from a dictionary.
The method `.model_validate()` reads data from another object with attributes (or a dict) and creates a new instance of this class, in this case `Hero`.
But as in this case, we have a `HeroCreate` instance in the `hero` variable. This is an object with attributes, so we use `.from_orm()` to read those attributes.
In this case, we have a `HeroCreate` instance in the `hero` variable. This is an object with attributes, so we use `.model_validate()` to read those attributes.
With this, we create a new `Hero` instance (the one for the database) and put it in the variable `db_hero` from the data in the `hero` variable that is the `HeroCreate` instance we received from the request.
/// tip
In versions of **SQLModel** before `0.0.14` you would use the method `.from_orm()`, but it is now deprecated and you should use `.model_validate()` instead.
///
We can now create a new `Hero` instance (the one for the database) and put it in the variable `db_hero` from the data in the `hero` variable that is the `HeroCreate` instance we received from the request.
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python hl_lines="3"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/multiple_models/tutorial001_py310.py[ln:47]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.9+
```Python hl_lines="3"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/multiple_models/tutorial001_py39.py[ln:49]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python hl_lines="3"
# Code above omitted 👆
@@ -192,11 +349,39 @@ With this, we create a new `Hero` instance (the one for the database) and put it
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
Then we just `add` it to the **session**, `commit`, and `refresh` it, and finally, we return the same `db_hero` variable that has the just refreshed `Hero` instance.
Because it is just refreshed, it has the `id` field set with a new ID taken from the database.
And now that we return it, FastAPI will validate the data with the `response_model`, which is a `HeroRead`:
And now that we return it, FastAPI will validate the data with the `response_model`, which is a `HeroPublic`:
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python hl_lines="3"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/multiple_models/tutorial001_py310.py[ln:44]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.9+
```Python hl_lines="3"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/multiple_models/tutorial001_py39.py[ln:46]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python hl_lines="3"
# Code above omitted 👆
@@ -206,12 +391,17 @@ And now that we return it, FastAPI will validate the data with the `response_mod
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
This will validate that all the data that we promised is there and will remove any data we didn't declare.
!!! tip
This filtering could be very important and could be a very good security feature, for example, to make sure you filter private data, hashed passwords, etc.
/// tip
You can read more about it in the <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/response-model/" class="external-link" target="_blank">FastAPI docs about Response Model</a>.
This filtering could be very important and could be a very good security feature, for example, to make sure you filter private data, hashed passwords, etc.
You can read more about it in the <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/response-model/" class="external-link" target="_blank">FastAPI docs about Response Model</a>.
///
In particular, it will make sure that the `id` is there and that it is indeed an integer (and not `None`).
@@ -253,6 +443,32 @@ We can see from above that they all share some **base** fields:
So let's create a **base** model `HeroBase` that the others can inherit from:
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python hl_lines="3-6"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/multiple_models/tutorial002_py310.py[ln:5-8]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.9+
```Python hl_lines="3-6"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/multiple_models/tutorial002_py39.py[ln:7-10]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python hl_lines="3-6"
# Code above omitted 👆
@@ -261,14 +477,35 @@ So let's create a **base** model `HeroBase` that the others can inherit from:
# Code below omitted 👇
```
<details>
<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
////
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/multiple_models/tutorial002_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.9+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/multiple_models/tutorial002_py39.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/multiple_models/tutorial002.py!}
```
</details>
////
///
As you can see, this is *not* a **table model**, it doesn't have the `table = True` config.
@@ -278,6 +515,32 @@ But now we can create the **other models inheriting from it**, they will all sha
Let's start with the only **table model**, the `Hero`:
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python hl_lines="9-10"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/multiple_models/tutorial002_py310.py[ln:5-12]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.9+
```Python hl_lines="9-10"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/multiple_models/tutorial002_py39.py[ln:7-14]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python hl_lines="9-10"
# Code above omitted 👆
@@ -286,14 +549,35 @@ Let's start with the only **table model**, the `Hero`:
# Code below omitted 👇
```
<details>
<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
////
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/multiple_models/tutorial002_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.9+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/multiple_models/tutorial002_py39.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/multiple_models/tutorial002.py!}
```
</details>
////
///
Notice that `Hero` now doesn't inherit from `SQLModel`, but from `HeroBase`.
@@ -309,6 +593,32 @@ And those inherited fields will also be in the **autocompletion** and **inline e
Notice that the parent model `HeroBase` is not a **table model**, but still, we can declare `name` and `age` using `Field(index=True)`.
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python hl_lines="4 6 9"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/multiple_models/tutorial002_py310.py[ln:5-12]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.9+
```Python hl_lines="4 6 9"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/multiple_models/tutorial002_py39.py[ln:7-14]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python hl_lines="4 6 9"
# Code above omitted 👆
@@ -317,14 +627,35 @@ Notice that the parent model `HeroBase` is not a **table model**, but still, we
# Code below omitted 👇
```
<details>
<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
////
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/multiple_models/tutorial002_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.9+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/multiple_models/tutorial002_py39.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/multiple_models/tutorial002.py!}
```
</details>
////
///
This won't affect this parent **data model** `HeroBase`.
@@ -336,6 +667,32 @@ Now let's see the `HeroCreate` model that will be used to define the data that w
This is a fun one:
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python hl_lines="13-14"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/multiple_models/tutorial002_py310.py[ln:5-16]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.9+
```Python hl_lines="13-14"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/multiple_models/tutorial002_py39.py[ln:7-18]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python hl_lines="13-14"
# Code above omitted 👆
@@ -344,14 +701,35 @@ This is a fun one:
# Code below omitted 👇
```
<details>
<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
////
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/multiple_models/tutorial002_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.9+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/multiple_models/tutorial002_py39.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/multiple_models/tutorial002.py!}
```
</details>
////
///
What's happening here?
@@ -365,12 +743,38 @@ As an alternative, we could use `HeroBase` directly in the API code instead of `
On top of that, we could easily decide in the future that we want to receive **more data** when creating a new hero apart from the data in `HeroBase` (for example, a password), and now we already have the class to put those extra fields.
### The `HeroRead` **Data Model**
### The `HeroPublic` **Data Model**
Now let's check the `HeroRead` model.
Now let's check the `HeroPublic` model.
This one just declares that the `id` field is required when reading a hero from the API, because a hero read from the API will come from the database, and in the database it will always have an ID.
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python hl_lines="17-18"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/multiple_models/tutorial002_py310.py[ln:5-20]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.9+
```Python hl_lines="17-18"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/multiple_models/tutorial002_py39.py[ln:7-22]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python hl_lines="17-18"
# Code above omitted 👆
@@ -379,18 +783,39 @@ This one just declares that the `id` field is required when reading a hero from
# Code below omitted 👇
```
<details>
<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
////
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/multiple_models/tutorial002_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.9+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/multiple_models/tutorial002_py39.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/multiple_models/tutorial002.py!}
```
</details>
////
///
## Review the Updated Docs UI
The FastAPI code is still the same as above, we still use `Hero`, `HeroCreate`, and `HeroRead`. But now, we define them in a smarter way with inheritance.
The FastAPI code is still the same as above, we still use `Hero`, `HeroCreate`, and `HeroPublic`. But now, we define them in a smarter way with inheritance.
So, we can jump to the docs UI right away and see how they look with the updated data.

View File

@@ -8,8 +8,37 @@ Let's add a new *path operation* to read one single hero.
We want to get the hero based on the `id`, so we will use a **path parameter** `hero_id`.
!!! info
If you need to refresh how *path parameters* work, including their data validation, check the <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/path-params/" class="external-link" target="_blank">FastAPI docs about Path Parameters</a>.
/// info
If you need to refresh how *path parameters* work, including their data validation, check the <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/path-params/" class="external-link" target="_blank">FastAPI docs about Path Parameters</a>.
///
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python hl_lines="6"
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/read_one/tutorial001_py310.py[ln:1-2]!}
# Code here omitted 👈
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/read_one/tutorial001_py310.py[ln:59-65]!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.9+
```Python hl_lines="8"
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/read_one/tutorial001_py39.py[ln:1-4]!}
# Code here omitted 👈
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/read_one/tutorial001_py39.py[ln:61-67]!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python hl_lines="8"
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/read_one/tutorial001.py[ln:1-4]!}
@@ -19,14 +48,35 @@ We want to get the hero based on the `id`, so we will use a **path parameter** `
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/read_one/tutorial001.py[ln:61-67]!}
```
<details>
<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
////
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/read_one/tutorial001_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.9+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/read_one/tutorial001_py39.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/read_one/tutorial001.py!}
```
</details>
////
///
For example, to get the hero with ID `2` we would send a `GET` request to:
@@ -46,6 +96,32 @@ And to use it, we first import `HTTPException` from `fastapi`.
This will let the client know that they probably made a mistake on their side and requested a hero that doesn't exist in the database.
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python hl_lines="1 9-11"
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/read_one/tutorial001_py310.py[ln:1-2]!}
# Code here omitted 👈
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/read_one/tutorial001_py310.py[ln:59-65]!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.9+
```Python hl_lines="3 11-13"
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/read_one/tutorial001_py39.py[ln:1-4]!}
# Code here omitted 👈
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/read_one/tutorial001_py39.py[ln:61-67]!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python hl_lines="3 11-13"
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/read_one/tutorial001.py[ln:1-4]!}
@@ -54,20 +130,67 @@ This will let the client know that they probably made a mistake on their side an
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/read_one/tutorial001.py[ln:61-67]!}
```
<details>
<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
////
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/read_one/tutorial001_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.9+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/read_one/tutorial001_py39.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/read_one/tutorial001.py!}
```
</details>
////
///
## Return the Hero
Then, if the hero exists, we return it.
And because we are using the `response_model` with `HeroRead`, it will be validated, documented, etc.
And because we are using the `response_model` with `HeroPublic`, it will be validated, documented, etc.
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python hl_lines="6 12"
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/read_one/tutorial001_py310.py[ln:1-2]!}
# Code here omitted 👈
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/read_one/tutorial001_py310.py[ln:59-65]!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.9+
```Python hl_lines="8 14"
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/read_one/tutorial001_py39.py[ln:1-4]!}
# Code here omitted 👈
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/read_one/tutorial001_py39.py[ln:61-67]!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python hl_lines="8 14"
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/read_one/tutorial001.py[ln:1-4]!}
@@ -77,14 +200,35 @@ And because we are using the `response_model` with `HeroRead`, it will be valida
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/read_one/tutorial001.py[ln:61-67]!}
```
<details>
<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
////
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/read_one/tutorial001_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.9+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/read_one/tutorial001_py39.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/read_one/tutorial001.py!}
```
</details>
////
///
## Check the Docs UI

View File

@@ -40,9 +40,59 @@ Let's update that. 🤓
First, why is it that we are not getting the related data for each hero and for each team?
It's because we declared the `HeroRead` with only the same base fields of the `HeroBase` plus the `id`. But it doesn't include a field `team` for the **relationship attribute**.
It's because we declared the `HeroPublic` with only the same base fields of the `HeroBase` plus the `id`. But it doesn't include a field `team` for the **relationship attribute**.
And the same way, we declared the `TeamRead` with only the same base fields of the `TeamBase` plus the `id`. But it doesn't include a field `heroes` for the **relationship attribute**.
And the same way, we declared the `TeamPublic` with only the same base fields of the `TeamBase` plus the `id`. But it doesn't include a field `heroes` for the **relationship attribute**.
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python hl_lines="3-5 9-10 14-19 23-24"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/teams/tutorial001_py310.py[ln:5-7]!}
# Code here omitted 👈
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/teams/tutorial001_py310.py[ln:20-21]!}
# Code here omitted 👈
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/teams/tutorial001_py310.py[ln:29-34]!}
# Code here omitted 👈
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/teams/tutorial001_py310.py[ln:43-44]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.9+
```Python hl_lines="3-5 9-10 14-19 23-24"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/teams/tutorial001_py39.py[ln:7-9]!}
# Code here omitted 👈
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/teams/tutorial001_py39.py[ln:22-23]!}
# Code here omitted 👈
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/teams/tutorial001_py39.py[ln:31-36]!}
# Code here omitted 👈
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/teams/tutorial001_py39.py[ln:45-46]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python hl_lines="3-5 9-10 14-19 23-24"
# Code above omitted 👆
@@ -64,18 +114,73 @@ And the same way, we declared the `TeamRead` with only the same base fields of t
# Code below omitted 👇
```
<details>
<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
////
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/teams/tutorial001_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.9+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/teams/tutorial001_py39.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/teams/tutorial001.py!}
```
</details>
////
///
Now, remember that <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/response-model/" class="external-link" target="_blank">FastAPI uses the `response_model` to validate and **filter** the response data</a>?
In this case, we used `response_model=TeamRead` and `response_model=HeroRead`, so FastAPI will use them to filter the response data, even if we return a **table model** that includes **relationship attributes**:
In this case, we used `response_model=TeamPublic` and `response_model=HeroPublic`, so FastAPI will use them to filter the response data, even if we return a **table model** that includes **relationship attributes**:
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python hl_lines="3 8 12 17"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/teams/tutorial001_py310.py[ln:102-107]!}
# Code here omitted 👈
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/teams/tutorial001_py310.py[ln:156-161]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.9+
```Python hl_lines="3 8 12 17"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/teams/tutorial001_py39.py[ln:104-109]!}
# Code here omitted 👈
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/teams/tutorial001_py39.py[ln:158-163]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python hl_lines="3 8 12 17"
# Code above omitted 👆
@@ -89,14 +194,35 @@ In this case, we used `response_model=TeamRead` and `response_model=HeroRead`, s
# Code below omitted 👇
```
<details>
<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
////
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/teams/tutorial001_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.9+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/teams/tutorial001_py39.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/teams/tutorial001.py!}
```
</details>
////
///
## Don't Include All the Data
@@ -174,10 +300,36 @@ Let's add a couple more **data models** that declare that data so we can use the
## Models with Relationships
Let's add the models `HeroReadWithTeam` and `TeamReadWithHeroes`.
Let's add the models `HeroPublicWithTeam` and `TeamPublicWithHeroes`.
We'll add them **after** the other models so that we can easily reference the previous models.
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python hl_lines="3-4 7-8"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/relationships/tutorial001_py310.py[ln:59-64]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.9+
```Python hl_lines="3-4 7-8"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/relationships/tutorial001_py39.py[ln:61-66]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python hl_lines="3-4 7-8"
# Code above omitted 👆
@@ -186,24 +338,45 @@ We'll add them **after** the other models so that we can easily reference the pr
# Code below omitted 👇
```
<details>
<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
////
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/relationships/tutorial001_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.9+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/relationships/tutorial001_py39.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/relationships/tutorial001.py!}
```
</details>
////
///
These two models are very **simple in code**, but there's a lot happening here. Let's check it out.
### Inheritance and Type Annotations
The `HeroReadWithTeam` **inherits** from `HeroRead`, which means that it will have the **normal fields for reading**, including the required `id` that was declared in `HeroRead`.
The `HeroPublicWithTeam` **inherits** from `HeroPublic`, which means that it will have the **normal fields for reading**, including the required `id` that was declared in `HeroPublic`.
And then it adds the **new field** `team`, which could be `None`, and is declared with the type `TeamRead` with the base fields for reading a team.
And then it adds the **new field** `team`, which could be `None`, and is declared with the type `TeamPublic` with the base fields for reading a team.
Then we do the same for the `TeamReadWithHeroes`, it **inherits** from `TeamRead`, and declares the **new field** `heroes`, which is a list of `HeroRead`.
Then we do the same for the `TeamPublicWithHeroes`, it **inherits** from `TeamPublic`, and declares the **new field** `heroes`, which is a list of `HeroPublic`.
### Data Models Without Relationship Attributes
@@ -213,11 +386,11 @@ Instead, here these are only **data models** that will tell FastAPI **which attr
### Reference to Other Models
Also, notice that the field `team` is not declared with this new `TeamReadWithHeroes`, because that would again create that infinite recursion of data. Instead, we declare it with the normal `TeamRead` model.
Also, notice that the field `team` is not declared with this new `TeamPublicWithHeroes`, because that would again create that infinite recursion of data. Instead, we declare it with the normal `TeamPublic` model.
And the same for `TeamReadWithHeroes`, the model used for the new field `heroes` uses `HeroRead` to get only each hero's data.
And the same for `TeamPublicWithHeroes`, the model used for the new field `heroes` uses `HeroPublic` to get only each hero's data.
This also means that, even though we have these two new models, **we still need the previous ones**, `HeroRead` and `TeamRead`, because we need to reference them here (and we are also using them in the rest of the *path operations*).
This also means that, even though we have these two new models, **we still need the previous ones**, `HeroPublic` and `TeamPublic`, because we need to reference them here (and we are also using them in the rest of the *path operations*).
## Update the Path Operations
@@ -227,6 +400,40 @@ This will tell **FastAPI** to take the object that we return from the *path oper
In the case of the hero, this tells FastAPI to extract the `team` too. And in the case of the team, to extract the list of `heroes` too.
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python hl_lines="3 8 12 17"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/relationships/tutorial001_py310.py[ln:111-116]!}
# Code here omitted 👈
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/relationships/tutorial001_py310.py[ln:165-170]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.9+
```Python hl_lines="3 8 12 17"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/relationships/tutorial001_py39.py[ln:113-118]!}
# Code here omitted 👈
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/relationships/tutorial001_py39.py[ln:167-172]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python hl_lines="3 8 12 17"
# Code above omitted 👆
@@ -239,14 +446,35 @@ In the case of the hero, this tells FastAPI to extract the `team` too. And in th
# Code below omitted 👇
```
<details>
<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
////
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/relationships/tutorial001_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.9+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/relationships/tutorial001_py39.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/relationships/tutorial001.py!}
```
</details>
////
///
## Check It Out in the Docs UI
@@ -267,7 +495,7 @@ Now we get the **team** data included:
"id": 1,
"team": {
"name": "Z-Force",
"headquarters": "Sister Margarets Bar",
"headquarters": "Sister Margaret's Bar",
"id": 1
}
}

View File

@@ -32,6 +32,32 @@ We can use `response_model` to tell FastAPI the schema of the data we want to se
For example, we can pass the same `Hero` **SQLModel** class (because it is also a Pydantic model):
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python hl_lines="3"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/response_model/tutorial001_py310.py[ln:31-37]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.9+
```Python hl_lines="3"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/response_model/tutorial001_py39.py[ln:33-39]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python hl_lines="3"
# Code above omitted 👆
@@ -40,14 +66,35 @@ For example, we can pass the same `Hero` **SQLModel** class (because it is also
# Code below omitted 👇
```
<details>
<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
////
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/response_model/tutorial001_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.9+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/response_model/tutorial001_py39.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/response_model/tutorial001.py!}
```
</details>
////
///
## List of Heroes in `response_model`
@@ -55,6 +102,34 @@ We can also use other type annotations, the same way we can use with Pydantic fi
First, we import `List` from `typing` and then we declare the `response_model` with `List[Hero]`:
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python hl_lines="3"
# Code here omitted 👈
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/response_model/tutorial001_py310.py[ln:40-44]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.9+
```Python hl_lines="3"
# Code here omitted 👈
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/response_model/tutorial001_py39.py[ln:42-46]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python hl_lines="1 5"
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/response_model/tutorial001.py[ln:1]!}
@@ -65,14 +140,35 @@ First, we import `List` from `typing` and then we declare the `response_model` w
# Code below omitted 👇
```
<details>
<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
////
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/response_model/tutorial001_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.9+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/response_model/tutorial001_py39.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/response_model/tutorial001.py!}
```
</details>
////
///
## FastAPI and Response Model
@@ -100,10 +196,13 @@ Additionally, because the schemas are defined in using a standard, there are man
For example, client generators, that can automatically create the code necessary to talk to your API in many languages.
!!! info
If you are curious about the standards, FastAPI generates OpenAPI, that internally uses JSON Schema.
/// info
You can read about all that in the <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/first-steps/#openapi" class="external-link" target="_blank">FastAPI docs - First Steps</a>.
If you are curious about the standards, FastAPI generates OpenAPI, that internally uses JSON Schema.
You can read about all that in the <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/first-steps/#openapi" class="external-link" target="_blank">FastAPI docs - First Steps</a>.
///
## Recap

View File

@@ -6,6 +6,32 @@ Before we keep adding things, let's change a bit how we get the session for each
Up to now, we have been creating a session in each *path operation*, in a `with` block.
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python hl_lines="5"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/delete/tutorial001_py310.py[ln:48-55]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.9+
```Python hl_lines="5"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/delete/tutorial001_py39.py[ln:50-57]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python hl_lines="5"
# Code above omitted 👆
@@ -14,14 +40,35 @@ Up to now, we have been creating a session in each *path operation*, in a `with`
# Code below omitted 👇
```
<details>
<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
////
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/delete/tutorial001_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.9+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/delete/tutorial001_py39.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/delete/tutorial001.py!}
```
</details>
////
///
That's perfectly fine, but in many use cases we would want to use <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/dependencies/" class="external-link" target="_blank">FastAPI Dependencies</a>, for example to **verify** that the client is **logged in** and get the **current user** before executing any other code in the *path operation*.
@@ -35,6 +82,32 @@ A **FastAPI** dependency is very simple, it's just a function that returns a val
It could use `yield` instead of `return`, and in that case **FastAPI** will make sure it executes all the code **after** the `yield`, once it is done with the request.
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python hl_lines="3-5"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/session_with_dependency/tutorial001_py310.py[ln:40-42]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.9+
```Python hl_lines="3-5"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/session_with_dependency/tutorial001_py39.py[ln:42-44]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python hl_lines="3-5"
# Code above omitted 👆
@@ -43,14 +116,35 @@ It could use `yield` instead of `return`, and in that case **FastAPI** will make
# Code below omitted 👇
```
<details>
<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
////
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/session_with_dependency/tutorial001_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.9+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/session_with_dependency/tutorial001_py39.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/session_with_dependency/tutorial001.py!}
```
</details>
////
///
## Use the Dependency
@@ -58,6 +152,44 @@ Now let's make FastAPI execute a dependency and get its value in the *path opera
We import `Depends()` from `fastapi`. Then we use it in the *path operation function* in a **parameter**, the same way we declared parameters to get JSON bodies, path parameters, etc.
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python hl_lines="1 13"
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/session_with_dependency/tutorial001_py310.py[ln:1-2]!}
# Code here omitted 👈
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/session_with_dependency/tutorial001_py310.py[ln:40-42]!}
# Code here omitted 👈
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/session_with_dependency/tutorial001_py310.py[ln:53-59]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.9+
```Python hl_lines="3 15"
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/session_with_dependency/tutorial001_py39.py[ln:1-4]!}
# Code here omitted 👈
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/session_with_dependency/tutorial001_py39.py[ln:42-44]!}
# Code here omitted 👈
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/session_with_dependency/tutorial001_py39.py[ln:55-61]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python hl_lines="3 15"
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/session_with_dependency/tutorial001.py[ln:1-4]!}
@@ -72,23 +204,47 @@ We import `Depends()` from `fastapi`. Then we use it in the *path operation func
# Code below omitted 👇
```
<details>
<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
////
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/session_with_dependency/tutorial001_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.9+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/session_with_dependency/tutorial001_py39.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/session_with_dependency/tutorial001.py!}
```
</details>
////
!!! tip
Here's a tip about that `*,` thing in the parameters.
///
Here we are passing the parameter `session` that has a "default value" of `Depends(get_session)` before the parameter `hero`, that doesn't have any default value.
/// tip
Python would normally complain about that, but we can use the initial "parameter" `*,` to mark all the rest of the parameters as "keyword only", which solves the problem.
Here's a tip about that `*,` thing in the parameters.
You can read more about it in the FastAPI documentation <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/path-params-numeric-validations/#order-the-parameters-as-you-need-tricks" class="external-link" target="_blank">Path Parameters and Numeric Validations - Order the parameters as you need, tricks</a>
Here we are passing the parameter `session` that has a "default value" of `Depends(get_session)` before the parameter `hero`, that doesn't have any default value.
Python would normally complain about that, but we can use the initial "parameter" `*,` to mark all the rest of the parameters as "keyword only", which solves the problem.
You can read more about it in the FastAPI documentation <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/path-params-numeric-validations/#order-the-parameters-as-you-need-tricks" class="external-link" target="_blank">Path Parameters and Numeric Validations - Order the parameters as you need, tricks</a>
///
The value of a dependency will **only be used for one request**, FastAPI will call it right before calling your code and will give you the value from that dependency.
@@ -104,6 +260,44 @@ And because dependencies can use `yield`, FastAPI will make sure to run the code
This means that in the main code of the *path operation function*, it will work equivalently to the previous version with the explicit `with` block.
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python hl_lines="14-18"
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/session_with_dependency/tutorial001_py310.py[ln:1-2]!}
# Code here omitted 👈
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/session_with_dependency/tutorial001_py310.py[ln:40-42]!}
# Code here omitted 👈
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/session_with_dependency/tutorial001_py310.py[ln:53-59]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.9+
```Python hl_lines="16-20"
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/session_with_dependency/tutorial001_py39.py[ln:1-4]!}
# Code here omitted 👈
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/session_with_dependency/tutorial001_py39.py[ln:42-44]!}
# Code here omitted 👈
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/session_with_dependency/tutorial001_py39.py[ln:55-61]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python hl_lines="16-20"
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/session_with_dependency/tutorial001.py[ln:1-4]!}
@@ -118,19 +312,78 @@ This means that in the main code of the *path operation function*, it will work
# Code below omitted 👇
```
<details>
<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
////
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/session_with_dependency/tutorial001_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.9+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/session_with_dependency/tutorial001_py39.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/session_with_dependency/tutorial001.py!}
```
</details>
////
///
In fact, you could think that all that block of code inside of the `create_hero()` function is still inside a `with` block for the **session**, because this is more or less what's happening behind the scenes.
But now, the `with` block is not explicitly in the function, but in the dependency above:
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python hl_lines="7-8"
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/session_with_dependency/tutorial001_py310.py[ln:1-2]!}
# Code here omitted 👈
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/session_with_dependency/tutorial001_py310.py[ln:40-42]!}
# Code here omitted 👈
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/session_with_dependency/tutorial001_py310.py[ln:53-59]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.9+
```Python hl_lines="9-10"
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/session_with_dependency/tutorial001_py39.py[ln:1-4]!}
# Code here omitted 👈
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/session_with_dependency/tutorial001_py39.py[ln:42-44]!}
# Code here omitted 👈
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/session_with_dependency/tutorial001_py39.py[ln:55-61]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python hl_lines="9-10"
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/session_with_dependency/tutorial001.py[ln:1-4]!}
@@ -145,14 +398,35 @@ But now, the `with` block is not explicitly in the function, but in the dependen
# Code below omitted 👇
```
<details>
<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
////
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/session_with_dependency/tutorial001_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.9+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/session_with_dependency/tutorial001_py39.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/session_with_dependency/tutorial001.py!}
```
</details>
////
///
We will see how this is very useful when testing the code later. ✅
@@ -168,6 +442,40 @@ session: Session = Depends(get_session)
And then we remove the previous `with` block with the old **session**.
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python hl_lines="13 24 33 42 57"
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/session_with_dependency/tutorial001_py310.py[ln:1-2]!}
# Code here omitted 👈
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/session_with_dependency/tutorial001_py310.py[ln:40-42]!}
# Code here omitted 👈
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/session_with_dependency/tutorial001_py310.py[ln:53-104]!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.9+
```Python hl_lines="15 26 35 44 59"
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/session_with_dependency/tutorial001_py39.py[ln:1-4]!}
# Code here omitted 👈
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/session_with_dependency/tutorial001_py39.py[ln:42-44]!}
# Code here omitted 👈
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/session_with_dependency/tutorial001_py39.py[ln:55-106]!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python hl_lines="15 26 35 44 59"
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/session_with_dependency/tutorial001.py[ln:1-4]!}
@@ -180,14 +488,35 @@ And then we remove the previous `with` block with the old **session**.
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/session_with_dependency/tutorial001.py[ln:55-106]!}
```
<details>
<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
////
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/session_with_dependency/tutorial001_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.9+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/session_with_dependency/tutorial001_py39.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/session_with_dependency/tutorial001.py!}
```
</details>
////
///
## Recap

View File

@@ -32,6 +32,22 @@ We will start with the **simplest version**, with just heroes (no teams yet).
This is almost the same code we have seen up to now in previous examples:
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python hl_lines="18-19"
# One line of FastAPI imports here later 👈
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/simple_hero_api/tutorial001_py310.py[ln:2]!}
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/simple_hero_api/tutorial001_py310.py[ln:5-20]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python hl_lines="20-21"
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/simple_hero_api/tutorial001.py[ln:1]!}
@@ -43,14 +59,27 @@ This is almost the same code we have seen up to now in previous examples:
# Code below omitted 👇
```
<details>
<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
////
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/simple_hero_api/tutorial001_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/simple_hero_api/tutorial001.py!}
```
</details>
////
///
There's only one change here from the code we have used before, the `check_same_thread` in the `connect_args`.
@@ -62,10 +91,13 @@ But here we will make sure we don't share the same **session** in more than one
And we also need to disable it because in **FastAPI** each request could be handled by multiple interacting threads.
!!! info
That's enough information for now, you can read more about it in the <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/async/" class="external-link" target="_blank">FastAPI docs for `async` and `await`</a>.
/// info
The main point is, by ensuring you **don't share** the same **session** with more than one request, the code is already safe.
That's enough information for now, you can read more about it in the <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/async/" class="external-link" target="_blank">FastAPI docs for `async` and `await`</a>.
The main point is, by ensuring you **don't share** the same **session** with more than one request, the code is already safe.
///
## **FastAPI** App
@@ -75,6 +107,22 @@ We will import the `FastAPI` class from `fastapi`.
And then create an `app` object that is an instance of that `FastAPI` class:
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python hl_lines="1 6"
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/simple_hero_api/tutorial001_py310.py[ln:1-2]!}
# SQLModel code here omitted 👈
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/simple_hero_api/tutorial001_py310.py[ln:23]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python hl_lines="3 8"
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/simple_hero_api/tutorial001.py[ln:1-4]!}
@@ -85,14 +133,27 @@ And then create an `app` object that is an instance of that `FastAPI` class:
# Code below omitted 👇
```
<details>
<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
////
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/simple_hero_api/tutorial001_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/simple_hero_api/tutorial001.py!}
```
</details>
////
///
## Create Database and Tables on `startup`
@@ -100,6 +161,20 @@ We want to make sure that once the app starts running, the function `create_tabl
This should be called only once at startup, not before every request, so we put it in the function to handle the `"startup"` event:
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python hl_lines="6-8"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/simple_hero_api/tutorial001_py310.py[ln:23-28]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python hl_lines="6-8"
# Code above omitted 👆
@@ -108,24 +183,54 @@ This should be called only once at startup, not before every request, so we put
# Code below omitted 👇
```
<details>
<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
////
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/simple_hero_api/tutorial001_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/simple_hero_api/tutorial001.py!}
```
</details>
////
///
## Create Heroes *Path Operation*
!!! info
If you need a refresher on what a **Path Operation** is (an endpoint with a specific HTTP Operation) and how to work with it in FastAPI, check out the <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/first-steps/" class="external-link" target="_blank">FastAPI First Steps docs</a>.
/// info
If you need a refresher on what a **Path Operation** is (an endpoint with a specific HTTP Operation) and how to work with it in FastAPI, check out the <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/first-steps/" class="external-link" target="_blank">FastAPI First Steps docs</a>.
///
Let's create the **path operation** code to create a new hero.
It will be called when a user sends a request with a `POST` **operation** to the `/heroes/` **path**:
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python hl_lines="11-12"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/simple_hero_api/tutorial001_py310.py[ln:23-37]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python hl_lines="11-12"
# Code above omitted 👆
@@ -134,21 +239,37 @@ It will be called when a user sends a request with a `POST` **operation** to the
# Code below omitted 👇
```
<details>
<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
////
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/simple_hero_api/tutorial001_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/simple_hero_api/tutorial001.py!}
```
</details>
////
!!! info
If you need a refresher on some of those concepts, checkout the FastAPI documentation:
///
* <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/first-steps/" class="external-link" target="_blank">First Steps</a>
* <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/path-params/" class="external-link" target="_blank">Path Parameters - Data Validation and Data Conversion</a>
* <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/body/" class="external-link" target="_blank">Request Body</a>
/// info
If you need a refresher on some of those concepts, checkout the FastAPI documentation:
* <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/first-steps/" class="external-link" target="_blank">First Steps</a>
* <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/path-params/" class="external-link" target="_blank">Path Parameters - Data Validation and Data Conversion</a>
* <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/body/" class="external-link" target="_blank">Request Body</a>
///
## The **SQLModel** Advantage
@@ -162,27 +283,55 @@ And then, because this same **SQLModel** object is not only a **Pydantic** model
So we can use intuitive standard Python **type annotations**, and we don't have to duplicate a lot of the code for the database models and the API data models. 🎉
!!! tip
We will improve this further later, but for now, it already shows the power of having **SQLModel** classes be both **SQLAlchemy** models and **Pydantic** models at the same time.
/// tip
We will improve this further later, but for now, it already shows the power of having **SQLModel** classes be both **SQLAlchemy** models and **Pydantic** models at the same time.
///
## Read Heroes *Path Operation*
Now let's add another **path operation** to read all the heroes:
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python hl_lines="20-24"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/simple_hero_api/tutorial001_py310.py[ln:23-44]!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python hl_lines="20-24"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/simple_hero_api/tutorial001.py[ln:25-46]!}
```
<details>
<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
////
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/simple_hero_api/tutorial001_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/simple_hero_api/tutorial001.py!}
```
</details>
////
///
This is pretty straightforward.
@@ -226,11 +375,14 @@ $ uvicorn main:app
</div>
!!! info
The command `uvicorn main:app` refers to:
/// info
* `main`: the file `main.py` (the Python "module").
* `app`: the object created inside of `main.py` with the line `app = FastAPI()`.
The command `uvicorn main:app` refers to:
* `main`: the file `main.py` (the Python "module").
* `app`: the object created inside of `main.py` with the line `app = FastAPI()`.
///
### Uvicorn `--reload`

View File

@@ -14,24 +14,67 @@ It's the same process we did for heroes, with a base model, a **table model**, a
We have a `TeamBase` **data model**, and from it, we inherit with a `Team` **table model**.
Then we also inherit from the `TeamBase` for the `TeamCreate` and `TeamRead` **data models**.
Then we also inherit from the `TeamBase` for the `TeamCreate` and `TeamPublic` **data models**.
And we also create a `TeamUpdate` **data model**.
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python hl_lines="5-7 10-13 16-17 20-21 24-26"
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/teams/tutorial001_py310.py[ln:1-26]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.9+
```Python hl_lines="7-9 12-15 18-19 22-23 26-28"
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/teams/tutorial001_py39.py[ln:1-28]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python hl_lines="7-9 12-15 18-19 22-23 26-28"
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/teams/tutorial001.py[ln:1-28]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
<details>
<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
////
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/teams/tutorial001_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.9+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/teams/tutorial001_py39.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/teams/tutorial001.py!}
```
</details>
////
///
We now also have **relationship attributes**. 🎉
@@ -39,7 +82,33 @@ Let's now update the `Hero` models too.
## Update Hero Models
```Python hl_lines="3-8 11-15 17-18 21-22 25-29"
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python hl_lines="3-8 11-14 17-18 21-22 25-29"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/teams/tutorial001_py310.py[ln:29-55]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.9+
```Python hl_lines="3-8 11-14 17-18 21-22 25-29"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/teams/tutorial001_py39.py[ln:31-57]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python hl_lines="3-8 11-14 17-18 21-22 25-29"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/teams/tutorial001.py[ln:31-57]!}
@@ -47,14 +116,35 @@ Let's now update the `Hero` models too.
# Code below omitted 👇
```
<details>
<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
////
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/teams/tutorial001_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.9+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/teams/tutorial001_py39.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/teams/tutorial001.py!}
```
</details>
////
///
We now have a `team_id` in the hero models.
@@ -66,6 +156,32 @@ And even though the `HeroBase` is *not* a **table model**, we can declare `team_
Notice that the **relationship attributes**, the ones with `Relationship()`, are **only** in the **table models**, as those are the ones that are handled by **SQLModel** with SQLAlchemy and that can have the automatic fetching of data from the database when we access them.
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python hl_lines="11 38"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/teams/tutorial001_py310.py[ln:5-55]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.9+
```Python hl_lines="11 38"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/teams/tutorial001_py39.py[ln:7-57]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python hl_lines="11 38"
# Code above omitted 👆
@@ -74,14 +190,35 @@ Notice that the **relationship attributes**, the ones with `Relationship()`, are
# Code below omitted 👇
```
<details>
<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
////
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/teams/tutorial001_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.9+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/teams/tutorial001_py39.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/teams/tutorial001.py!}
```
</details>
////
///
## Path Operations for Teams
@@ -89,6 +226,32 @@ Let's now add the **path operations** for teams.
These are equivalent and very similar to the **path operations** for the **heroes** we had before, so we don't have to go over the details for each one, let's check the code.
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python hl_lines="3-9 12-20 23-28 31-47 50-57"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/teams/tutorial001_py310.py[ln:136-190]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.9+
```Python hl_lines="3-9 12-20 23-28 31-47 50-57"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/teams/tutorial001_py39.py[ln:138-192]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python hl_lines="3-9 12-20 23-28 31-47 50-57"
# Code above omitted 👆
@@ -97,14 +260,35 @@ These are equivalent and very similar to the **path operations** for the **heroe
# Code below omitted 👇
```
<details>
<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
////
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/teams/tutorial001_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.9+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/teams/tutorial001_py39.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/teams/tutorial001.py!}
```
</details>
////
///
## Using Relationships Attributes

View File

@@ -14,14 +14,13 @@ We will use the application with the hero models, but without team models, and w
Now we will see how useful it is to have this session dependency. ✨
<details>
<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/app_testing/tutorial001/main.py!}
```
</details>
///
## File Structure
@@ -71,8 +70,11 @@ Let's start with a simple test, with just the basic test code we need the check
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/app_testing/tutorial001/annotations/en/test_main_001.md!}
!!! tip
Check out the number bubbles to see what is done by each line of code.
/// tip
Check out the number bubbles to see what is done by each line of code.
///
That's the **core** of the code we need for all the tests later.
@@ -116,8 +118,11 @@ That way we protect the production database and we have better control of the da
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/app_testing/tutorial001/annotations/en/test_main_002.md!}
!!! tip
Check out the number bubbles to see what is done by each line of code.
/// tip
Check out the number bubbles to see what is done by each line of code.
///
## Create the Engine and Session for Testing
@@ -165,10 +170,8 @@ But **it works great for testing**, because it can be quickly created before eac
And also, because it never has to write anything to a file and it's all just in memory, it will be even faster than normally. 🏎
<details>
<summary>
Other alternatives and ideas 👀
</summary>
/// details | Other alternatives and ideas 👀
Before arriving at the idea of using an **in-memory database** we could have explored other alternatives and ideas.
The first is that we are not deleting the file after we finish the test, so the next test could have **leftover data**. So, the right thing would be to delete the file right after finishing the test. 🔥
@@ -181,7 +184,7 @@ So, if we tried to run the tests at the same time **in parallel** to try to spee
Of course, we could also fix that, using some **random name** for each testing database file... but in the case of SQLite, we have an even better alternative by just using an **in-memory database**. ✨
</details>
///
## Configure the In-Memory Database
@@ -197,8 +200,11 @@ We just have to change a couple of parameters in the **engine**.
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/app_testing/tutorial001/annotations/en/test_main_004.md!}
!!! tip
Check out the number bubbles to see what is done by each line of code.
/// tip
Check out the number bubbles to see what is done by each line of code.
///
That's it, now the test will run using the **in-memory database**, which will be faster and probably safer.
@@ -214,8 +220,11 @@ Do we really have to duplicate all that for **each test**? No, we can do better!
We are using **pytest** to run the tests. And pytest also has a very similar concept to the **dependencies in FastAPI**.
!!! info
In fact, pytest was one of the things that inspired the design of the dependencies in FastAPI.
/// info
In fact, pytest was one of the things that inspired the design of the dependencies in FastAPI.
///
It's a way for us to declare some **code that should be run before** each test and **provide a value** for the test function (that's pretty much the same as FastAPI dependencies).
@@ -237,8 +246,11 @@ Let's see the first code example with a fixture:
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/app_testing/tutorial001/annotations/en/test_main_005.md!}
!!! tip
Check out the number bubbles to see what is done by each line of code.
/// tip
Check out the number bubbles to see what is done by each line of code.
///
**pytest** fixtures work in a very similar way to FastAPI dependencies, but have some minor differences:
@@ -274,8 +286,11 @@ So, we can create a **client fixture** that will be used in all the tests, and i
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/app_testing/tutorial001/annotations/en/test_main_006.md!}
!!! tip
Check out the number bubbles to see what is done by each line of code.
/// tip
Check out the number bubbles to see what is done by each line of code.
///
Now we have a **client fixture** that, in turn, uses the **session fixture**.
@@ -297,19 +312,21 @@ Let's add some more tests:
# Code below omitted 👇
```
<details>
<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/app_testing/tutorial001/test_main.py!}
```
</details>
///
!!! tip
It's always **good idea** to not only test the normal case, but also that **invalid data**, **errors**, and **corner cases** are handled correctly.
/// tip
That's why we add these two extra tests here.
It's always **good idea** to not only test the normal case, but also that **invalid data**, **errors**, and **corner cases** are handled correctly.
That's why we add these two extra tests here.
///
Now, any additional test functions can be as **simple** as the first one, they just have to **declare the `client` parameter** to get the `TestClient` **fixture** with all the database stuff setup. Nice! 😎
@@ -331,14 +348,13 @@ But for the next test function, we will require **both fixtures**, the **client*
# Code below omitted 👇
```
<details>
<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/app_testing/tutorial001/test_main.py!}
```
</details>
///
In this test function, we want to check that the *path operation* to **read a list of heroes** actually sends us heroes.
@@ -370,14 +386,13 @@ Using the same ideas, requiring the fixtures, creating data that we need for the
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/app_testing/tutorial001/test_main.py[ln:84-125]!}
```
<details>
<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/app_testing/tutorial001/test_main.py!}
```
</details>
///
## Run the Tests

View File

@@ -0,0 +1,465 @@
# Update with Extra Data (Hashed Passwords) with FastAPI
In the previous chapter I explained to you how to update data in the database from input data coming from a **FastAPI** *path operation*.
Now I'll explain to you how to add **extra data**, additional to the input data, when updating or creating a model object.
This is particularly useful when you need to **generate some data** in your code that is **not coming from the client**, but you need to store it in the database. For example, to store a **hashed password**.
## Password Hashing
Let's imagine that each hero in our system also has a **password**.
We should never store the password in plain text in the database, we should only stored a **hashed version** of it.
"**Hashing**" means converting some content (a password in this case) into a sequence of bytes (just a string) that looks like gibberish.
Whenever you pass exactly the same content (exactly the same password) you get exactly the same gibberish.
But you **cannot convert** from the gibberish **back to the password**.
### Why use Password Hashing
If your database is stolen, the thief won't have your users' **plaintext passwords**, only the hashes.
So, the thief won't be able to try to use that password in another system (as many users use the same password everywhere, this would be dangerous).
/// tip
You could use <a href="https://passlib.readthedocs.io/en/stable/" class="external-link" target="_blank">passlib</a> to hash passwords.
In this example we will use a fake hashing function to focus on the data changes. 🤡
///
## Update Models with Extra Data
The `Hero` table model will now store a new field `hashed_password`.
And the data models for `HeroCreate` and `HeroUpdate` will also have a new field `password` that will contain the plain text password sent by clients.
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python hl_lines="11 15 26"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/update/tutorial002_py310.py[ln:5-28]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.9+
```Python hl_lines="11 15 26"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/update/tutorial002_py39.py[ln:7-30]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python hl_lines="11 15 26"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/update/tutorial002.py[ln:7-30]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/update/tutorial002_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.9+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/update/tutorial002_py39.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/update/tutorial002.py!}
```
////
///
When a client is creating a new hero, they will send the `password` in the request body.
And when they are updating a hero, they could also send the `password` in the request body to update it.
## Hash the Password
The app will receive the data from the client using the `HeroCreate` model.
This contains the `password` field with the plain text password, and we cannot use that one. So we need to generate a hash from it.
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python hl_lines="11"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/update/tutorial002_py310.py[ln:42-44]!}
# Code here omitted 👈
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/update/tutorial002_py310.py[ln:55-57]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.9+
```Python hl_lines="11"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/update/tutorial002_py39.py[ln:44-46]!}
# Code here omitted 👈
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/update/tutorial002_py39.py[ln:57-59]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python hl_lines="11"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/update/tutorial002.py[ln:44-46]!}
# Code here omitted 👈
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/update/tutorial002.py[ln:57-59]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/update/tutorial002_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.9+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/update/tutorial002_py39.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/update/tutorial002.py!}
```
////
///
## Create an Object with Extra Data
Now we need to create the database hero.
In previous examples, we have used something like:
```Python
db_hero = Hero.model_validate(hero)
```
This creates a `Hero` (which is a *table model*) object from the `HeroCreate` (which is a *data model*) object that we received in the request.
And this is all good... but as `Hero` doesn't have a field `password`, it won't be extracted from the object `HeroCreate` that has it.
`Hero` actually has a `hashed_password`, but we are not providing it. We need a way to provide it...
### Dictionary Update
Let's pause for a second to check this, when working with dictionaries, there's a way to `update` a dictionary with extra data from another dictionary, something like this:
```Python hl_lines="14"
db_user_dict = {
"name": "Deadpond",
"secret_name": "Dive Wilson",
"age": None,
}
hashed_password = "fakehashedpassword"
extra_data = {
"hashed_password": hashed_password,
"age": 32,
}
db_user_dict.update(extra_data)
print(db_user_dict)
# {
# "name": "Deadpond",
# "secret_name": "Dive Wilson",
# "age": 32,
# "hashed_password": "fakehashedpassword",
# }
```
This `update` method allows us to add and override things in the original dictionary with the data from another dictionary.
So now, `db_user_dict` has the updated `age` field with `32` instead of `None` and more importantly, **it has the new `hashed_password` field**.
### Create a Model Object with Extra Data
Similar to how dictionaries have an `update` method, **SQLModel** models have a parameter `update` in `Hero.model_validate()` that takes a dictionary with extra data, or data that should take precedence:
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python hl_lines="8"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/update/tutorial002_py310.py[ln:55-64]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.9+
```Python hl_lines="8"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/update/tutorial002_py39.py[ln:57-66]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python hl_lines="8"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/update/tutorial002.py[ln:57-66]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/update/tutorial002_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.9+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/update/tutorial002_py39.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/update/tutorial002.py!}
```
////
///
Now, `db_hero` (which is a *table model* `Hero`) will extract its values from `hero` (which is a *data model* `HeroCreate`), and then it will **`update`** its values with the extra data from the dictionary `extra_data`.
It will only take the fields defined in `Hero`, so **it will not take the `password`** from `HeroCreate`. And it will also **take its values** from the **dictionary passed to the `update`** parameter, in this case, the `hashed_password`.
If there's a field in both `hero` and the `extra_data`, **the value from the `extra_data` passed to `update` will take precedence**.
## Update with Extra Data
Now let's say we want to **update a hero** that already exists in the database.
The same way as before, to avoid removing existing data, we will use `exclude_unset=True` when calling `hero.model_dump()`, to get a dictionary with only the data sent by the client.
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python hl_lines="9"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/update/tutorial002_py310.py[ln:83-89]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.9+
```Python hl_lines="9"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/update/tutorial002_py39.py[ln:85-91]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python hl_lines="9"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/update/tutorial002.py[ln:85-91]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/update/tutorial002_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.9+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/update/tutorial002_py39.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/update/tutorial002.py!}
```
////
///
Now, this `hero_data` dictionary could contain a `password`. We need to check it, and if it's there, we need to generate the `hashed_password`.
Then we can put that `hashed_password` in a dictionary.
And then we can update the `db_hero` object using the method `db_hero.sqlmodel_update()`.
It takes a model object or dictionary with the data to update the object and also an **additional `update` argument** with extra data.
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python hl_lines="15"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/update/tutorial002_py310.py[ln:83-99]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.9+
```Python hl_lines="15"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/update/tutorial002_py39.py[ln:85-101]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python hl_lines="15"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/update/tutorial002.py[ln:85-101]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/update/tutorial002_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.9+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/update/tutorial002_py39.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/update/tutorial002.py!}
```
////
///
/// tip
The method `db_hero.sqlmodel_update()` was added in SQLModel 0.0.16. 😎
///
## Recap
You can use the `update` parameter in `Hero.model_validate()` to provide extra data when creating a new object and `Hero.sqlmodel_update()` to provide extra data when updating an existing object. 🤓

View File

@@ -12,13 +12,42 @@ So, we need to have all those fields **marked as optional**.
And because the `HeroBase` has some of them as *required* and not optional, we will need to **create a new model**.
!!! tip
Here is one of those cases where it probably makes sense to use an **independent model** instead of trying to come up with a complex tree of models inheriting from each other.
/// tip
Because each field is **actually different** (we just change it to `Optional`, but that's already making it different), it makes sense to have them in their own model.
Here is one of those cases where it probably makes sense to use an **independent model** instead of trying to come up with a complex tree of models inheriting from each other.
Because each field is **actually different** (we just change it to `Optional`, but that's already making it different), it makes sense to have them in their own model.
///
So, let's create this new `HeroUpdate` model:
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python hl_lines="21-24"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/update/tutorial001_py310.py[ln:5-26]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.9+
```Python hl_lines="21-24"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/update/tutorial001_py39.py[ln:7-28]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python hl_lines="21-24"
# Code above omitted 👆
@@ -27,14 +56,35 @@ So, let's create this new `HeroUpdate` model:
# Code below omitted 👇
```
<details>
<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
////
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/update/tutorial001_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.9+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/update/tutorial001_py39.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/update/tutorial001.py!}
```
</details>
////
///
This is almost the same as `HeroBase`, but all the fields are optional, so we can't simply inherit from `HeroBase`.
@@ -44,6 +94,32 @@ Now let's use this model in the *path operation* to update a hero.
We will use a `PATCH` HTTP operation. This is used to **partially update data**, which is what we are doing.
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python hl_lines="3-4"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/update/tutorial001_py310.py[ln:74-89]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.9+
```Python hl_lines="3-4"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/update/tutorial001_py39.py[ln:76-91]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python hl_lines="3-4"
# Code above omitted 👆
@@ -52,14 +128,35 @@ We will use a `PATCH` HTTP operation. This is used to **partially update data**,
# Code below omitted 👇
```
<details>
<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
////
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/update/tutorial001_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.9+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/update/tutorial001_py39.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/update/tutorial001.py!}
```
</details>
////
///
We also read the `hero_id` from the *path parameter* and the request body, a `HeroUpdate`.
@@ -69,6 +166,32 @@ We take a `hero_id` with the **ID** of the hero **we want to update**.
So, we need to read the hero from the database, with the **same logic** we used to **read a single hero**, checking if it exists, possibly raising an error for the client if it doesn't exist, etc.
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python hl_lines="6-8"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/update/tutorial001_py310.py[ln:74-89]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.9+
```Python hl_lines="6-8"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/update/tutorial001_py39.py[ln:76-91]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python hl_lines="6-8"
# Code above omitted 👆
@@ -77,20 +200,41 @@ So, we need to read the hero from the database, with the **same logic** we used
# Code below omitted 👇
```
<details>
<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
////
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/update/tutorial001_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.9+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/update/tutorial001_py39.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/update/tutorial001.py!}
```
</details>
////
///
### Get the New Data
The `HeroUpdate` model has all the fields with **default values**, because they all have defaults, they are all optional, which is what we want.
But that also means that if we just call `hero.dict()` we will get a dictionary that could potentially have several or all of those values with their defaults, for example:
But that also means that if we just call `hero.model_dump()` we will get a dictionary that could potentially have several or all of those values with their defaults, for example:
```Python
{
@@ -102,7 +246,7 @@ But that also means that if we just call `hero.dict()` we will get a dictionary
And then, if we update the hero in the database with this data, we would be removing any existing values, and that's probably **not what the client intended**.
But fortunately Pydantic models (and so SQLModel models) have a parameter we can pass to the `.dict()` method for that: `exclude_unset=True`.
But fortunately Pydantic models (and so SQLModel models) have a parameter we can pass to the `.model_dump()` method for that: `exclude_unset=True`.
This tells Pydantic to **not include** the values that were **not sent** by the client. Saying it another way, it would **only** include the values that were **sent by the client**.
@@ -112,7 +256,7 @@ So, if the client sent a JSON with no values:
{}
```
Then the dictionary we would get in Python using `hero.dict(exclude_unset=True)` would be:
Then the dictionary we would get in Python using `hero.model_dump(exclude_unset=True)` would be:
```Python
{}
@@ -126,7 +270,7 @@ But if the client sent a JSON with:
}
```
Then the dictionary we would get in Python using `hero.dict(exclude_unset=True)` would be:
Then the dictionary we would get in Python using `hero.model_dump(exclude_unset=True)` would be:
```Python
{
@@ -136,6 +280,32 @@ Then the dictionary we would get in Python using `hero.dict(exclude_unset=True)`
Then we use that to get the data that was actually sent by the client:
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python hl_lines="9"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/update/tutorial001_py310.py[ln:74-89]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.9+
```Python hl_lines="9"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/update/tutorial001_py39.py[ln:76-91]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python hl_lines="9"
# Code above omitted 👆
@@ -144,20 +314,71 @@ Then we use that to get the data that was actually sent by the client:
# Code below omitted 👇
```
<details>
<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
////
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/update/tutorial001_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.9+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/update/tutorial001_py39.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/update/tutorial001.py!}
```
</details>
////
///
/// tip
Before SQLModel 0.0.14, the method was called `hero.dict(exclude_unset=True)`, but it was renamed to `hero.model_dump(exclude_unset=True)` to be consistent with Pydantic v2.
///
## Update the Hero in the Database
Now that we have a **dictionary with the data sent by the client**, we can iterate for each one of the keys and the values, and then we set them in the database hero model `db_hero` using `setattr()`.
Now that we have a **dictionary with the data sent by the client**, we can use the method `db_hero.sqlmodel_update()` to update the object `db_hero`.
```Python hl_lines="10-11"
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python hl_lines="10"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/update/tutorial001_py310.py[ln:74-89]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.9+
```Python hl_lines="10"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/update/tutorial001_py39.py[ln:76-91]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python hl_lines="10"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/update/tutorial001.py[ln:76-91]!}
@@ -165,28 +386,47 @@ Now that we have a **dictionary with the data sent by the client**, we can itera
# Code below omitted 👇
```
<details>
<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
////
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/update/tutorial001_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.9+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/update/tutorial001_py39.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/fastapi/update/tutorial001.py!}
```
</details>
////
If you are not familiar with that `setattr()`, it takes an object, like the `db_hero`, then an attribute name (`key`), that in our case could be `"name"`, and a value (`value`). And then it **sets the attribute with that name to the value**.
///
So, if `key` was `"name"` and `value` was `"Deadpuddle"`, then this code:
/// tip
```Python
setattr(db_hero, key, value)
```
The method `db_hero.sqlmodel_update()` was added in SQLModel 0.0.16. 🤓
...would be more or less equivalent to:
Before that, you would need to manually get the values and set them using `setattr()`.
```Python
db_hero.name = "Deadpuddle"
```
///
The method `db_hero.sqlmodel_update()` takes an argument with another model object or a dictionary.
For each of the fields in the **original** model object (`db_hero` in this example), it checks if the field is available in the **argument** (`hero_data` in this example) and then updates it with the provided value.
## Remove Fields
@@ -210,7 +450,7 @@ So, if the client wanted to intentionally remove the `age` of a hero, they could
}
```
And when getting the data with `hero.dict(exclude_unset=True)`, we would get:
And when getting the data with `hero.model_dump(exclude_unset=True)`, we would get:
```Python
{
@@ -228,4 +468,4 @@ These are some of the advantages of Pydantic, that we can use with SQLModel.
## Recap
Using `.dict(exclude_unset=True)` in SQLModel models (and Pydantic models) we can easily update data **correctly**, even in the **edge cases**. 😎
Using `.model_dump(exclude_unset=True)` in SQLModel models (and Pydantic models) we can easily update data **correctly**, even in the **edge cases**. 😎

View File

@@ -57,8 +57,11 @@ $ cd sqlmodel-tutorial
</div>
!!! tip
Make sure you don't name it also `sqlmodel`, so that you don't end up overriding the name of the package.
/// tip
Make sure you don't name it also `sqlmodel`, so that you don't end up overriding the name of the package.
///
### Make sure you have Python
@@ -79,9 +82,10 @@ There's a chance that you have multiple Python versions installed.
You might want to try with the specific versions, for example with:
* `python3.12`
* `python3.11`
* `python3.10`
* `python3.9`
* `python3.8`
The code would look like this:
@@ -118,61 +122,68 @@ In very short, a virtual environment is a small directory that contains a copy o
And when you "activate" it, any package that you install, for example with `pip`, will be installed in that virtual environment.
!!! tip
There are other tools to manage virtual environments, like <a href="https://python-poetry.org/" class="external-link" target="_blank">Poetry</a>.
/// tip
And there are alternatives that are particularly useful for deployment like <a href="https://docs.docker.com/get-started/" class="external-link" target="_blank">Docker</a> and other types of containers. In this case, the "virtual environment" is not just the Python standard files and the installed packages, but the whole system.
There are other tools to manage virtual environments, like <a href="https://python-poetry.org/" class="external-link" target="_blank">Poetry</a>.
And there are alternatives that are particularly useful for deployment like <a href="https://docs.docker.com/get-started/" class="external-link" target="_blank">Docker</a> and other types of containers. In this case, the "virtual environment" is not just the Python standard files and the installed packages, but the whole system.
///
Go ahead and create a Python virtual environment for this project. And make sure to also upgrade `pip`.
Here are the commands you could use:
=== "Linux, macOS, Linux in Windows"
/// tab | Linux, macOS, Linux in Windows
<div class="termy">
<div class="termy">
```console
// Remember that you might need to use python3.9 or similar 💡
// Create the virtual environment using the module "venv"
$ python3 -m venv env
// ...here it creates the virtual environment in the directory "env"
// Activate the virtual environment
$ source ./env/bin/activate
// Verify that the virtual environment is active
# (env) $$ which python
// The important part is that it is inside the project directory, at "code/sqlmodel-tutorial/env/bin/python"
/home/leela/code/sqlmodel-tutorial/env/bin/python
// Use the module "pip" to install and upgrade the package "pip" 🤯
# (env) $$ python -m pip install --upgrade pip
---> 100%
Successfully installed pip
```
```console
// Remember that you might need to use python3.9 or similar 💡
// Create the virtual environment using the module "venv"
$ python3 -m venv env
// ...here it creates the virtual environment in the directory "env"
// Activate the virtual environment
$ source ./env/bin/activate
// Verify that the virtual environment is active
# (env) $$ which python
// The important part is that it is inside the project directory, at "code/sqlmodel-tutorial/env/bin/python"
/home/leela/code/sqlmodel-tutorial/env/bin/python
// Use the module "pip" to install and upgrade the package "pip" 🤯
# (env) $$ python -m pip install --upgrade pip
---> 100%
Successfully installed pip
```
</div>
</div>
=== "Windows PowerShell"
///
<div class="termy">
/// tab | Windows PowerShell
```console
// Create the virtual environment using the module "venv"
# >$ python3 -m venv env
// ...here it creates the virtual environment in the directory "env"
// Activate the virtual environment
# >$ .\env\Scripts\Activate.ps1
// Verify that the virtual environment is active
# (env) >$ Get-Command python
// The important part is that it is inside the project directory, at "code\sqlmodel-tutorial\env\python.exe"
CommandType Name Version Source
----------- ---- ------- ------
Application python 0.0.0.0 C:\Users\leela\code\sqlmodel-tutorial\env\python.exe
// Use the module "pip" to install and upgrade the package "pip" 🤯
# (env) >$ python3 -m pip install --upgrade pip
---> 100%
Successfully installed pip
```
<div class="termy">
</div>
```console
// Create the virtual environment using the module "venv"
# >$ python3 -m venv env
// ...here it creates the virtual environment in the directory "env"
// Activate the virtual environment
# >$ .\env\Scripts\Activate.ps1
// Verify that the virtual environment is active
# (env) >$ Get-Command python
// The important part is that it is inside the project directory, at "code\sqlmodel-tutorial\env\python.exe"
CommandType Name Version Source
----------- ---- ------- ------
Application python 0.0.0.0 C:\Users\leela\code\sqlmodel-tutorial\env\python.exe
// Use the module "pip" to install and upgrade the package "pip" 🤯
# (env) >$ python3 -m pip install --upgrade pip
---> 100%
Successfully installed pip
```
</div>
///
## Install **SQLModel**
@@ -181,7 +192,7 @@ Now, after making sure we are inside of a virtual environment in some way, we ca
<div class="termy">
```console
# (env) $$ python -m pip install sqlmodel
# (env) $$ pip install sqlmodel
---> 100%
Successfully installed sqlmodel pydantic sqlalchemy
```

View File

@@ -20,14 +20,25 @@ Are you already a **SQL expert** and don't have time for all my explanations?
Fine, in that case, you can **sneak peek** the final code to create indexes here.
<details>
<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python hl_lines="8 10"
{!./docs_src/tutorial/indexes/tutorial002_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python hl_lines="8 10"
{!./docs_src/tutorial/indexes/tutorial002.py!}
```
</details>
////
///
..but if you are not an expert, **continue reading**, this will probably be useful. 🤓
@@ -73,12 +84,15 @@ You repeat this process **a few more times**, and you finally arrive at the lett
You had to open the dictionary a few times, maybe **5 or 10**. That's actually **very little work** compared to what it could have been.
!!! note "Technical Details"
Do you like **fancy words**? Cool! Programmers tend to like fancy words. 😅
/// note | Technical Details
That <abbr title="a recipe, a sequence of predefined steps that achieve a result">algorithm</abbr> I showed you above is called **Binary Search**.
Do you like **fancy words**? Cool! Programmers tend to like fancy words. 😅
It's called like that because you **search** something by splitting the dictionary (or any ordered list of things) in **two** ("binary" means "two") parts. And you do that process multiple times until you find what you want.
That <abbr title="a recipe, a sequence of predefined steps that achieve a result">algorithm</abbr> I showed you above is called **Binary Search**.
It's called that because you **search** something by splitting the dictionary (or any ordered list of things) in **two** ("binary" means "two") parts. And you do that process multiple times until you find what you want.
///
### An Index and a Novel
@@ -261,46 +275,99 @@ The change in code is underwhelming, it's very simple. 😆
Here's the `Hero` model we had before:
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python hl_lines="6"
{!./docs_src/tutorial/where/tutorial001_py310.py[ln:1-8]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python hl_lines="8"
{!./docs_src/tutorial/where/tutorial001.py[ln:1-10]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
<details>
<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
////
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/where/tutorial001_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/where/tutorial001.py!}
```
</details>
////
///
Let's now update it to tell **SQLModel** to create an index for the `name` field when creating the table:
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python hl_lines="6"
{!./docs_src/tutorial/indexes/tutorial001_py310.py[ln:1-8]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python hl_lines="8"
{!./docs_src/tutorial/indexes/tutorial001.py[ln:1-10]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
<details>
<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
////
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/indexes/tutorial001_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/indexes/tutorial001.py!}
```
</details>
////
///
We use the same `Field()` again as we did before, and set `index=True`. That's it! 🚀
Notice that we didn't set an argument of `default=None` or anything similar. This means that **SQLModel** (thanks to Pydantic) will keep it as a **required** field.
!!! info
SQLModel (actually SQLAlchemy) will **automatically generate the index name** for you.
/// info
In this case the generated name would be `ix_hero_name`.
SQLModel (actually SQLAlchemy) will **automatically generate the index name** for you.
In this case the generated name would be `ix_hero_name`.
///
## Query Data
@@ -310,6 +377,20 @@ The SQL database will figure it out **automatically**. ✨
This is great because it means that indexes are very **simple to use**. But it might also feel counterintuitive at first, as you are **not doing anything** explicitly in the code to make it obvious that the index is useful, it all happens in the database behind the scenes.
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python hl_lines="5"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/indexes/tutorial001_py310.py[ln:34-39]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python hl_lines="5"
# Code above omitted 👆
@@ -318,14 +399,27 @@ This is great because it means that indexes are very **simple to use**. But it m
# Code below omitted 👇
```
<details>
<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
////
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/indexes/tutorial001_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/indexes/tutorial001.py!}
```
</details>
////
///
This is exactly the same code as we had before, but now the database will **use the index** underneath.
@@ -368,20 +462,45 @@ secret_name='Dive Wilson' age=None id=1 name='Deadpond'
We are going to query the `hero` table doing comparisons on the `age` field too, so we should **define an index** for that one as well:
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python hl_lines="8"
{!./docs_src/tutorial/indexes/tutorial002_py310.py[ln:1-8]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python hl_lines="10"
{!./docs_src/tutorial/indexes/tutorial002.py[ln:1-10]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
<details>
<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
////
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/indexes/tutorial002_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/indexes/tutorial002.py!}
```
</details>
////
///
In this case, we want the default value of `age` to continue being `None`, so we set `default=None` when using `Field()`.

View File

@@ -25,6 +25,22 @@ We will continue from where we left of in the last chapter.
This is the code we had to create the database and table, nothing new here:
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```{.python .annotate hl_lines="20" }
{!./docs_src/tutorial/create_db_and_table/tutorial003_py310.py[ln:1-18]!}
# More code here later 👈
{!./docs_src/tutorial/create_db_and_table/tutorial003_py310.py[ln:21-22]!}
```
{!./docs_src/tutorial/create_db_and_table/annotations/en/tutorial003.md!}
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```{.python .annotate hl_lines="22" }
{!./docs_src/tutorial/create_db_and_table/tutorial003.py[ln:1-20]!}
@@ -35,6 +51,8 @@ This is the code we had to create the database and table, nothing new here:
{!./docs_src/tutorial/create_db_and_table/annotations/en/tutorial003.md!}
////
Now that we can create the database and the table, we will continue from this point and add more code on the same file to create the data.
## Create Data with SQL
@@ -70,8 +88,11 @@ You can try that SQL statement in **DB Explorer for SQLite**.
Make sure to open the same database we already created by clicking <kbd>Open Database</kbd> and selecting the same `database.db` file.
!!! tip
If you don't have that `database.db` file with the table `hero`, you can re-create it by running the Python program at the top. 👆
/// tip
If you don't have that `database.db` file with the table `hero`, you can re-create it by running the Python program at the top. 👆
///
Then go to the <kbd>Execute SQL</kbd> tab and copy the SQL from above.
@@ -124,6 +145,20 @@ So, the first step is to simply create an instance of `Hero`.
We'll create 3 right away, for the 3 heroes:
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/insert/tutorial002_py310.py[ln:21-24]!}
# More code here later 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python
# Code above omitted 👆
@@ -132,19 +167,35 @@ We'll create 3 right away, for the 3 heroes:
# More code here later 👇
```
<details>
<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
////
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/insert/tutorial002_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/insert/tutorial002.py!}
```
</details>
////
!!! tip
The code above in this file (the omitted code) is just the same code that you see at the top of this chapter.
///
The same code we used before to create the `Hero` model.
/// tip
The code above in this file (the omitted code) is just the same code that you see at the top of this chapter.
The same code we used before to create the `Hero` model.
///
We are putting that in a function `create_heroes()`, to call it later once we finish it.
@@ -168,23 +219,62 @@ We would re-use the same **engine** in all the code, everywhere in the applicati
The first step is to import the `Session` class:
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python hl_lines="1"
{!./docs_src/tutorial/insert/tutorial001_py310.py[ln:1]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python hl_lines="3"
{!./docs_src/tutorial/insert/tutorial001.py[ln:1-3]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
<details>
<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
////
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/insert/tutorial001_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/insert/tutorial001.py!}
```
</details>
////
///
Then we can create a new session:
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python hl_lines="8"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/insert/tutorial001_py310.py[ln:21-26]!}
# More code here later 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python hl_lines="8"
# Code above omitted 👆
@@ -193,24 +283,53 @@ Then we can create a new session:
# More code here later 👇
```
<details>
<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
////
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/insert/tutorial001_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/insert/tutorial001.py!}
```
</details>
////
///
The new `Session` takes an `engine` as a parameter. And it will use the **engine** underneath.
!!! tip
We will see a better way to create a **session** using a `with` block later.
/// tip
We will see a better way to create a **session** using a `with` block later.
///
## Add Model Instances to the Session
Now that we have some hero model instances (some objects in memory) and a **session**, the next step is to add them to the session:
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python hl_lines="9-11"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/insert/tutorial001_py310.py[ln:21-30]!}
# More code here later 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python hl_lines="9-11"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/insert/tutorial001.py[ln:23-32]!}
@@ -218,14 +337,27 @@ Now that we have some hero model instances (some objects in memory) and a **sess
# More code here later 👇
```
<details>
<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
////
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/insert/tutorial001_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/insert/tutorial001.py!}
```
</details>
////
///
By this point, our heroes are *not* stored in the database yet.
@@ -237,15 +369,31 @@ And once we are ready, we can **commit** those changes, and then the **session**
This makes the interactions with the database more efficient (plus some extra benefits).
!!! info "Technical Details"
The session will create a new transaction and execute all the SQL code in that transaction.
/// info | Technical Details
This ensures that the data is saved in a single batch, and that it will all succeed or all fail, but it won't leave the database in a broken state.
The session will create a new transaction and execute all the SQL code in that transaction.
This ensures that the data is saved in a single batch, and that it will all succeed or all fail, but it won't leave the database in a broken state.
///
## Commit the Session Changes
Now that we have the heroes in the **session** and that we are ready to save all that to the database, we can **commit** the changes:
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python hl_lines="13"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/insert/tutorial001_py310.py[ln:21-32]!}
# More code here later 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python hl_lines="13"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/insert/tutorial001.py[ln:23-34]!}
@@ -253,14 +401,27 @@ Now that we have the heroes in the **session** and that we are ready to save all
# More code here later 👇
```
<details>
<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
////
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/insert/tutorial001_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/insert/tutorial001.py!}
```
</details>
////
///
Once this line is executed, the **session** will use the **engine** to save all the data in the database by sending the corresponding SQL.
@@ -287,6 +448,19 @@ if __name__ == "__main__":
But to keep things a bit more organized, let's instead create a new function `main()` that will contain all the code that should be executed when called as an independent script, and we can put there the previous function `create_db_and_tables()`, and add the new function `create_heroes()`:
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python hl_lines="2 4"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/insert/tutorial002_py310.py[ln:34-36]!}
# More code here later 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python hl_lines="2 4"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/insert/tutorial002.py[ln:36-38]!}
@@ -294,30 +468,67 @@ But to keep things a bit more organized, let's instead create a new function `ma
# More code here later 👇
```
<details>
<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
////
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/insert/tutorial002_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/insert/tutorial002.py!}
```
</details>
////
///
And then we can call that single `main()` function from that main block:
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python hl_lines="8"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/insert/tutorial002_py310.py[ln:34-40]!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python hl_lines="8"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/insert/tutorial002.py[ln:36-42]!}
```
<details>
<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
////
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/insert/tutorial002_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/insert/tutorial002.py!}
```
</details>
////
///
By having everything that should happen when called as a script in a single function, we can easily add more code later on.
@@ -372,6 +583,20 @@ The **session** holds some resources, like connections from the engine.
So once we are done with the session, we should **close** it to make it release those resources and finish its cleanup:
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python hl_lines="16"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/insert/tutorial001_py310.py[ln:21-34]!}
# More code here later 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python hl_lines="16"
# Code above omitted 👆
@@ -380,14 +605,27 @@ So once we are done with the session, we should **close** it to make it release
# More code here later 👇
```
<details>
<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
////
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/insert/tutorial001_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/insert/tutorial001.py!}
```
</details>
////
///
But what happens if we forget to close the session?
@@ -401,19 +639,43 @@ It's good to know how the `Session` works and how to create and close it manuall
But there's a better way to handle the session, using a `with` block:
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python hl_lines="7-12"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/insert/tutorial002_py310.py[ln:21-31]!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python hl_lines="7-12"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/insert/tutorial002.py[ln:23-33]!}
```
<details>
<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
////
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/insert/tutorial002_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/insert/tutorial002.py!}
```
</details>
////
///
This is the same as creating the session manually and then manually closing it. But here, using a `with` block, it will be automatically created when **starting** the `with` block and assigned to the variable `session`, and it will be automatically closed after the `with` block is **finished**.
@@ -427,14 +689,31 @@ You already know all the first part creating the `Hero` model class, the **engin
Let's focus on the new code:
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```{.python .annotate }
{!./docs_src/tutorial/insert/tutorial003_py310.py!}
```
{!./docs_src/tutorial/insert/annotations/en/tutorial003.md!}
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```{.python .annotate }
{!./docs_src/tutorial/insert/tutorial003.py!}
```
{!./docs_src/tutorial/insert/annotations/en/tutorial003.md!}
!!! tip
Review what each line does by clicking each number bubble in the code. 👆
////
/// tip
Review what each line does by clicking each number bubble in the code. 👆
///
You can now put it in a `app.py` file and run it with Python. And you will see an output like the one shown above.

View File

@@ -14,6 +14,20 @@ We will continue with the same code as before, but we'll modify it a little the
Again, we will create several heroes to have some data to select from:
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python hl_lines="4-10"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/offset_and_limit/tutorial001_py310.py[ln:21-39]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python hl_lines="4-10"
# Code above omitted 👆
@@ -22,19 +36,46 @@ Again, we will create several heroes to have some data to select from:
# Code below omitted 👇
```
<details>
<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
////
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/offset_and_limit/tutorial001_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/offset_and_limit/tutorial001.py!}
```
</details>
////
///
## Review Select All
This is the code we had to select all the heroes in the `select()` examples:
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python hl_lines="3-8"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/select/tutorial003_py310.py[ln:34-39]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python hl_lines="3-8"
# Code above omitted 👆
@@ -43,14 +84,27 @@ This is the code we had to select all the heroes in the `select()` examples:
# Code below omitted 👇
```
<details>
<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
////
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/select/tutorial003_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/select/tutorial003.py!}
```
</details>
////
///
But this would get us **all** the heroes at the same time, in a database that could have thousands, that could be problematic.
@@ -58,6 +112,20 @@ But this would get us **all** the heroes at the same time, in a database that co
We currently have 7 heroes in the database. But we could as well have thousands, so let's limit the results to get only the first 3:
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python hl_lines="5"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/offset_and_limit/tutorial001_py310.py[ln:42-47]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python hl_lines="5"
# Code above omitted 👆
@@ -66,14 +134,27 @@ We currently have 7 heroes in the database. But we could as well have thousands,
# Code below omitted 👇
```
<details>
<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
////
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/offset_and_limit/tutorial001_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/offset_and_limit/tutorial001.py!}
```
</details>
////
///
The special **select** object we get from `select()` also has a method `.limit()` that we can use to limit the results to a certain number.
@@ -110,8 +191,11 @@ INFO Engine [no key 0.00014s] (3, 0)
Great! We got only 3 heroes as we wanted.
!!! tip
We will check out that SQL code more in a bit.
/// tip
We will check out that SQL code more in a bit.
///
## Select with Offset and Limit
@@ -119,10 +203,13 @@ Now we can limit the results to get only the first 3.
But imagine we are in a user interface showing the results in batches of 3 heroes at a time.
!!! tip
This is commonly called "pagination". Because the user interface would normally show a "page" of a predefined number of heroes at a time.
/// tip
And then you can interact with the user interface to get the next page, and so on.
This is commonly called "pagination". Because the user interface would normally show a "page" of a predefined number of heroes at a time.
And then you can interact with the user interface to get the next page, and so on.
///
How do we get the next 3?
@@ -130,6 +217,20 @@ How do we get the next 3?
We can use `.offset()`:
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python hl_lines="5"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/offset_and_limit/tutorial002_py310.py[ln:42-47]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python hl_lines="5"
# Code above omitted 👆
@@ -138,14 +239,27 @@ We can use `.offset()`:
# Code below omitted 👇
```
<details>
<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
////
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/offset_and_limit/tutorial002_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/offset_and_limit/tutorial002.py!}
```
</details>
////
///
The way this works is that the special **select** object we get from `select()` has methods like `.where()`, `.offset()` and `.limit()`.
@@ -184,6 +298,20 @@ INFO Engine [no key 0.00020s] (3, 3)
Then to get the next batch of 3 rows we would offset all the ones we already saw, the first 6:
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python hl_lines="5"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/offset_and_limit/tutorial003_py310.py[ln:42-47]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python hl_lines="5"
# Code above omitted 👆
@@ -192,14 +320,27 @@ Then to get the next batch of 3 rows we would offset all the ones we already saw
# Code below omitted 👇
```
<details>
<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
////
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/offset_and_limit/tutorial003_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/offset_and_limit/tutorial003.py!}
```
</details>
////
///
The database right now has **only 7 rows**, so this query can only get 1 row.
@@ -254,6 +395,20 @@ If you try that in **DB Browser for SQLite**, you will get the same result:
Of course, you can also combine `.limit()` and `.offset()` with `.where()` and other methods you will learn about later:
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python hl_lines="5"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/offset_and_limit/tutorial004_py310.py[ln:42-47]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python hl_lines="5"
# Code above omitted 👆
@@ -262,14 +417,27 @@ Of course, you can also combine `.limit()` and `.offset()` with `.where()` and o
# Code below omitted 👇
```
<details>
<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
////
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/offset_and_limit/tutorial004_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/offset_and_limit/tutorial004.py!}
```
</details>
////
///
## Run the Program with Limit, Offset, and Where on the Command Line

View File

@@ -8,19 +8,64 @@ We'll create data for this same **many-to-many** relationship with a link table:
We'll continue from where we left off with the previous code.
<details>
<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/many_to_many/tutorial001_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.9+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/many_to_many/tutorial001_py39.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/many_to_many/tutorial001.py!}
```
</details>
////
///
## Create Heroes
As we have done before, we'll create a function `create_heroes()` and we'll create some teams and heroes in it:
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python hl_lines="11"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/many_to_many/tutorial001_py310.py[ln:36-54]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.9+
```Python hl_lines="11"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/many_to_many/tutorial001_py39.py[ln:42-60]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python hl_lines="11"
# Code above omitted 👆
@@ -29,14 +74,35 @@ As we have done before, we'll create a function `create_heroes()` and we'll crea
# Code below omitted 👇
```
<details>
<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
////
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/many_to_many/tutorial001_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.9+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/many_to_many/tutorial001_py39.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/many_to_many/tutorial001.py!}
```
</details>
////
///
This is very similar to what we have done before.
@@ -50,6 +116,32 @@ See how **Deadpond** now belongs to the two teams?
Now let's do as we have done before, `commit` the **session**, `refresh` the data, and print it:
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python hl_lines="22-25 27-29 31-36"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/many_to_many/tutorial001_py310.py[ln:36-69]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.9+
```Python hl_lines="22-25 27-29 31-36"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/many_to_many/tutorial001_py39.py[ln:42-75]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python hl_lines="22-25 27-29 31-36"
# Code above omitted 👆
@@ -58,20 +150,67 @@ Now let's do as we have done before, `commit` the **session**, `refresh` the dat
# Code below omitted 👇
```
<details>
<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
////
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/many_to_many/tutorial001_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.9+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/many_to_many/tutorial001_py39.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/many_to_many/tutorial001.py!}
```
</details>
////
///
## Add to Main
As before, add the `create_heroes()` function to the `main()` function to make sure it is called when running this program from the command line:
```Python hl_lines="22-25 27-29 31-36"
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/many_to_many/tutorial001_py310.py[ln:72-74]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.9+
```Python
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/many_to_many/tutorial001_py39.py[ln:78-80]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/many_to_many/tutorial001.py[ln:78-80]!}
@@ -79,14 +218,35 @@ As before, add the `create_heroes()` function to the `main()` function to make s
# Code below omitted 👇
```
<details>
<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
////
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/many_to_many/tutorial001_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.9+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/many_to_many/tutorial001_py39.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/many_to_many/tutorial001.py!}
```
</details>
////
///
## Run the Program
@@ -110,7 +270,7 @@ INFO Engine INSERT INTO hero (name, secret_name, age) VALUES (?, ?, ?)
INFO Engine [cached since 0.002541s ago] ('Spider-Boy', 'Pedro Parqueador', None)
// Insert the team data second
INFO Engine INSERT INTO team (name, headquarters) VALUES (?, ?)
INFO Engine [generated in 0.00037s] ('Z-Force', 'Sister Margarets Bar')
INFO Engine [generated in 0.00037s] ('Z-Force', 'Sister Margaret's Bar')
INFO Engine INSERT INTO team (name, headquarters) VALUES (?, ?)
INFO Engine [cached since 0.001239s ago] ('Preventers', 'Sharp Tower')
// Insert the link data last, to be able to re-use the created IDs
@@ -145,7 +305,7 @@ WHERE ? = heroteamlink.hero_id AND team.id = heroteamlink.team_id
INFO Engine [generated in 0.00025s] (1,)
// Print Deadpond's teams, 2 teams! 🎉
Deadpond teams: [Team(id=1, name='Z-Force', headquarters='Sister Margarets Bar'), Team(id=2, name='Preventers', headquarters='Sharp Tower')]
Deadpond teams: [Team(id=1, name='Z-Force', headquarters='Sister Margaret's Bar'), Team(id=2, name='Preventers', headquarters='Sharp Tower')]
// Print Rusty-Man
Rusty-Man: name='Rusty-Man' age=48 id=2 secret_name='Tommy Sharp'

View File

@@ -12,20 +12,63 @@ As we want to support a **many-to-many** relationship, now we need a **link tabl
We can create it just as any other **SQLModel**:
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python hl_lines="4-6"
{!./docs_src/tutorial/many_to_many/tutorial001_py310.py[ln:1-6]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.9+
```Python hl_lines="6-12"
{!./docs_src/tutorial/many_to_many/tutorial001_py39.py[ln:1-12]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python hl_lines="6-12"
{!./docs_src/tutorial/many_to_many/tutorial001.py[ln:1-12]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
<details>
<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
////
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/many_to_many/tutorial001_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.9+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/many_to_many/tutorial001_py39.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/many_to_many/tutorial001.py!}
```
</details>
////
///
This is a **SQLModel** class model table like any other.
@@ -39,6 +82,32 @@ And **both fields are primary keys**. We hadn't used this before. 🤓
Let's see the `Team` model, it's almost identical as before, but with a little change:
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python hl_lines="8"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/many_to_many/tutorial001_py310.py[ln:9-14]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.9+
```Python hl_lines="8"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/many_to_many/tutorial001_py39.py[ln:15-20]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python hl_lines="8"
# Code above omitted 👆
@@ -47,14 +116,35 @@ Let's see the `Team` model, it's almost identical as before, but with a little c
# Code below omitted 👇
```
<details>
<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
////
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/many_to_many/tutorial001_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.9+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/many_to_many/tutorial001_py39.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/many_to_many/tutorial001.py!}
```
</details>
////
///
The **relationship attribute `heroes`** is still a list of heroes, annotated as `List["Hero"]`. Again, we use `"Hero"` in quotes because we haven't declared that class yet by this point in the code (but as you know, editors and **SQLModel** understand that).
@@ -68,6 +158,32 @@ And here's the important part to allow the **many-to-many** relationship, we use
Let's see the other side, here's the `Hero` model:
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python hl_lines="9"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/many_to_many/tutorial001_py310.py[ln:17-23]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.9+
```Python hl_lines="9"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/many_to_many/tutorial001_py39.py[ln:23-29]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python hl_lines="9"
# Code above omitted 👆
@@ -76,14 +192,35 @@ Let's see the other side, here's the `Hero` model:
# Code below omitted 👇
```
<details>
<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
////
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/many_to_many/tutorial001_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.9+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/many_to_many/tutorial001_py39.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/many_to_many/tutorial001.py!}
```
</details>
////
///
We **removed** the previous `team_id` field (column) because now the relationship is done via the link table. 🔥
@@ -101,6 +238,32 @@ And now we have a **`link_model=HeroTeamLink`**. ✨
The same as before, we will have the rest of the code to create the **engine**, and a function to create all the tables `create_db_and_tables()`.
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python hl_lines="9"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/many_to_many/tutorial001_py310.py[ln:26-33]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.9+
```Python hl_lines="9"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/many_to_many/tutorial001_py39.py[ln:32-39]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python hl_lines="9"
# Code above omitted 👆
@@ -109,18 +272,67 @@ The same as before, we will have the rest of the code to create the **engine**,
# Code below omitted 👇
```
<details>
<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
////
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/many_to_many/tutorial001_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.9+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/many_to_many/tutorial001_py39.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/many_to_many/tutorial001.py!}
```
</details>
////
///
And as in previous examples, we will add that function to a function `main()`, and we will call that `main()` function in the main block:
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python hl_lines="4"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/many_to_many/tutorial001_py310.py[ln:72-73]!}
# We will do more stuff here later 👈
{!./docs_src/tutorial/many_to_many/tutorial001_py310.py[ln:77-78]!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.9+
```Python hl_lines="4"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/many_to_many/tutorial001_py39.py[ln:78-79]!}
# We will do more stuff here later 👈
{!./docs_src/tutorial/many_to_many/tutorial001_py39.py[ln:83-84]!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python hl_lines="4"
# Code above omitted 👆
@@ -130,14 +342,35 @@ And as in previous examples, we will add that function to a function `main()`, a
{!./docs_src/tutorial/many_to_many/tutorial001.py[ln:83-84]!}
```
<details>
<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
////
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/many_to_many/tutorial001_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.9+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/many_to_many/tutorial001_py39.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/many_to_many/tutorial001.py!}
```
</details>
////
///
## Run the Code

View File

@@ -26,12 +26,15 @@ The `team` table looks like this:
<td>1</td><td>Preventers</td><td>Sharp Tower</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>2</td><td>Z-Force</td><td>Sister Margarets Bar</td>
<td>2</td><td>Z-Force</td><td>Sister Margaret's Bar</td>
</tr>
</table>
!!! tip
Notice that it doesn't have any foreign key to other tables.
/// tip
Notice that it doesn't have any foreign key to other tables.
///
And the `hero` table looks like this:
@@ -106,19 +109,22 @@ Specifically, the new link table `heroteamlink` would be:
</tr>
</table>
!!! info
Other names used for this **link table** are:
/// info
* association table
* secondary table
* junction table
* intermediate table
* join table
* through table
* relationship table
* connection table
Other names used for this **link table** are:
I'm using the term "link table" because it's short, doesn't collide with other terms already used (e.g. "relationship"), it's easy to remember how to write it, etc.
* association table
* secondary table
* junction table
* intermediate table
* join table
* through table
* relationship table
* connection table
I'm using the term "link table" because it's short, doesn't collide with other terms already used (e.g. "relationship"), it's easy to remember how to write it, etc.
///
## Link Primary Key

View File

@@ -18,8 +18,11 @@ A row in the table `heroteamlink` points to **one** particular hero, but a singl
And also, the same row in the table `heroteamlink` points to **one** team, but a single team can be connected to **many** hero-team links, so it's also **one-to-many**.
!!! tip
The previous many-to-many relationship was also just two one-to-many relationships combined, but now it's going to be much more explicit.
/// tip
The previous many-to-many relationship was also just two one-to-many relationships combined, but now it's going to be much more explicit.
///
## Update Link Model
@@ -29,6 +32,32 @@ We will add a new field `is_training`.
And we will also add two **relationship attributes**, for the linked `team` and `hero`:
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python hl_lines="6 8-9"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/many_to_many/tutorial003_py310.py[ln:4-10]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.9+
```Python hl_lines="10 12-13"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/many_to_many/tutorial003_py39.py[ln:6-16]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python hl_lines="10 12-13"
# Code above omitted 👆
@@ -37,24 +66,48 @@ And we will also add two **relationship attributes**, for the linked `team` and
# Code below omitted 👇
```
<details>
<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
////
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/many_to_many/tutorial003_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.9+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/many_to_many/tutorial003_py39.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/many_to_many/tutorial003.py!}
```
</details>
////
///
The new **relationship attributes** have their own `back_populates` pointing to new relationship attributes we will create in the `Hero` and `Team` models:
* `team`: has `back_populates="hero_links"`, because in the `Team` model, the attribute will contain the links to the **team's heroes**.
* `hero`: has `back_populates="team_links"`, because in the `Hero` model, the attribute will contain the links to the **hero's teams**.
!!! info
In SQLAlchemy this is called an Association Object or Association Model.
/// info
I'm calling it **Link Model** just because that's easier to write avoiding typos. But you are also free to call it however you want. 😉
In SQLAlchemy this is called an Association Object or Association Model.
I'm calling it **Link Model** just because that's easier to write avoiding typos. But you are also free to call it however you want. 😉
///
## Update Team Model
@@ -62,6 +115,32 @@ Now let's update the `Team` model.
We no longer have the `heroes` relationship attribute, and instead we have the new `hero_links` attribute:
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python hl_lines="8"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/many_to_many/tutorial003_py310.py[ln:13-18]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.9+
```Python hl_lines="8"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/many_to_many/tutorial003_py39.py[ln:19-24]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python hl_lines="8"
# Code above omitted 👆
@@ -70,14 +149,35 @@ We no longer have the `heroes` relationship attribute, and instead we have the n
# Code below omitted 👇
```
<details>
<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
////
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/many_to_many/tutorial003_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.9+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/many_to_many/tutorial003_py39.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/many_to_many/tutorial003.py!}
```
</details>
////
///
## Update Hero Model
@@ -85,6 +185,32 @@ The same with the `Hero` model.
We change the `teams` relationship attribute for `team_links`:
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python hl_lines="9"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/many_to_many/tutorial003_py310.py[ln:21-27]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.9+
```Python hl_lines="9"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/many_to_many/tutorial003_py39.py[ln:27-33]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python hl_lines="9"
# Code above omitted 👆
@@ -93,14 +219,35 @@ We change the `teams` relationship attribute for `team_links`:
# Code below omitted 👇
```
<details>
<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
////
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/many_to_many/tutorial003_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.9+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/many_to_many/tutorial003_py39.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/many_to_many/tutorial003.py!}
```
</details>
////
///
## Create Relationships
@@ -108,6 +255,32 @@ Now the process to create relationships is very similar.
But now we create the **explicit link models** manually, pointing to their hero and team instances, and specifying the additional link data (`is_training`):
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python hl_lines="21-30 32-35"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/many_to_many/tutorial003_py310.py[ln:40-79]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.9+
```Python hl_lines="21-30 32-35"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/many_to_many/tutorial003_py39.py[ln:46-85]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python hl_lines="21-30 32-35"
# Code above omitted 👆
@@ -116,14 +289,35 @@ But now we create the **explicit link models** manually, pointing to their hero
# Code below omitted 👇
```
<details>
<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
////
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/many_to_many/tutorial003_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.9+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/many_to_many/tutorial003_py39.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/many_to_many/tutorial003.py!}
```
</details>
////
///
We are just adding the link model instances to the session, because the link model instances are connected to the heroes and teams, they will be also automatically included in the session when we commit.
@@ -151,7 +345,7 @@ INFO Engine [cached since 0.001858s ago] ('Rusty-Man', 'Tommy Sharp', 48)
// Insert the teams
INFO Engine INSERT INTO team (name, headquarters) VALUES (?, ?)
INFO Engine [generated in 0.00019s] ('Z-Force', 'Sister Margarets Bar')
INFO Engine [generated in 0.00019s] ('Z-Force', 'Sister Margaret's Bar')
INFO Engine INSERT INTO team (name, headquarters) VALUES (?, ?)
INFO Engine [cached since 0.0007985s ago] ('Preventers', 'Sharp Tower')
@@ -221,6 +415,32 @@ Now, to add a new relationship, we have to create a new `HeroTeamLink` instance
Here we do that in the `update_heroes()` function:
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python hl_lines="10-15"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/many_to_many/tutorial003_py310.py[ln:82-97]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.9+
```Python hl_lines="10-15"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/many_to_many/tutorial003_py39.py[ln:88-103]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python hl_lines="10-15"
# Code above omitted 👆
@@ -229,14 +449,35 @@ Here we do that in the `update_heroes()` function:
# Code below omitted 👇
```
<details>
<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
////
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/many_to_many/tutorial003_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.9+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/many_to_many/tutorial003_py39.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/many_to_many/tutorial003.py!}
```
</details>
////
///
## Run the Program with the New Relationship
@@ -317,6 +558,40 @@ So now we want to update the status of `is_training` to `False`.
We can do that by iterating on the links:
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python hl_lines="8-10"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/many_to_many/tutorial003_py310.py[ln:82-83]!}
# Code here omitted 👈
{!./docs_src/tutorial/many_to_many/tutorial003_py310.py[ln:99-107]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.9+
```Python hl_lines="8-10"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/many_to_many/tutorial003_py39.py[ln:88-89]!}
# Code here omitted 👈
{!./docs_src/tutorial/many_to_many/tutorial003_py39.py[ln:105-113]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python hl_lines="8-10"
# Code above omitted 👆
@@ -329,14 +604,35 @@ We can do that by iterating on the links:
# Code below omitted 👇
```
<details>
<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
////
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/many_to_many/tutorial003_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.9+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/many_to_many/tutorial003_py39.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/many_to_many/tutorial003.py!}
```
</details>
////
///
## Run the Program with the Updated Relationships
@@ -389,7 +685,7 @@ WHERE team.id = ?
INFO Engine [cached since 0.2097s ago] (1,)
// Print Spider-Boy team, including link data, if is training
Spider-Boy team: headquarters='Sister Margarets Bar' id=1 name='Z-Force' is training: True
Spider-Boy team: headquarters='Sister Margaret's Bar' id=1 name='Z-Force' is training: True
INFO Engine ROLLBACK
```

View File

@@ -4,14 +4,33 @@ Now we'll see how to update and remove these **many-to-many** relationships.
We'll continue from where we left off with the previous code.
<details>
<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/many_to_many/tutorial001_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.9+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/many_to_many/tutorial001_py39.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/many_to_many/tutorial001.py!}
```
</details>
////
///
## Get Data to Update
@@ -23,6 +42,36 @@ As you already know how these goes, I'll use the **short version** and get the d
And because we are now using `select()`, we also have to import it.
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python hl_lines="1 5-10"
{!./docs_src/tutorial/many_to_many/tutorial002_py310.py[ln:1]!}
# Some code here omitted 👈
{!./docs_src/tutorial/many_to_many/tutorial002_py310.py[ln:72-77]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.9+
```Python hl_lines="3 7-12"
{!./docs_src/tutorial/many_to_many/tutorial002_py39.py[ln:1-3]!}
# Some code here omitted 👈
{!./docs_src/tutorial/many_to_many/tutorial002_py39.py[ln:78-83]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python hl_lines="3 7-12"
{!./docs_src/tutorial/many_to_many/tutorial002.py[ln:1-3]!}
@@ -33,31 +82,95 @@ And because we are now using `select()`, we also have to import it.
# Code below omitted 👇
```
<details>
<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
////
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/many_to_many/tutorial002_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.9+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/many_to_many/tutorial002_py39.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/many_to_many/tutorial002.py!}
```
</details>
////
///
And of course, we have to add `update_heroes()` to our `main()` function:
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python hl_lines="6"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/many_to_many/tutorial002_py310.py[ln:94-101]!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.9+
```Python hl_lines="6"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/many_to_many/tutorial002_py39.py[ln:100-107]!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python hl_lines="6"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/many_to_many/tutorial002.py[ln:100-107]!}
```
<details>
<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
////
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/many_to_many/tutorial002_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.9+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/many_to_many/tutorial002_py39.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/many_to_many/tutorial002.py!}
```
</details>
////
///
## Add Many-to-Many Relationships
@@ -65,6 +178,32 @@ Now let's imagine that **Spider-Boy** thinks that the **Z-Force** team is super
We can use the same **relationship attributes** to include `hero_spider_boy` in the `team_z_force.heroes`.
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python hl_lines="10-12 14-15"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/many_to_many/tutorial002_py310.py[ln:72-84]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.9+
```Python hl_lines="10-12 14-15"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/many_to_many/tutorial002_py39.py[ln:78-90]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python hl_lines="10-12 14-15"
# Code above omitted 👆
@@ -73,19 +212,43 @@ We can use the same **relationship attributes** to include `hero_spider_boy` in
# Code below omitted 👇
```
<details>
<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
////
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/many_to_many/tutorial002_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.9+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/many_to_many/tutorial002_py39.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/many_to_many/tutorial002.py!}
```
</details>
////
!!! tip
Because we are accessing an attribute in the models right after we commit, with `hero_spider_boy.teams` and `team_z_force.heroes`, the data is refreshed automatically.
///
So we don't have to call `session.refresh()`.
/// tip
Because we are accessing an attribute in the models right after we commit, with `hero_spider_boy.teams` and `team_z_force.heroes`, the data is refreshed automatically.
So we don't have to call `session.refresh()`.
///
We then commit the change, refresh, and print the updated **Spider-Boy**'s heroes to confirm.
@@ -127,7 +290,7 @@ INFO Engine [cached since 0.1648s ago] (3,)
// Print Spider-Boy teams, including Z-Force 🎉
Updated Spider-Boy's Teams: [
Team(id=2, name='Preventers', headquarters='Sharp Tower'),
Team(id=1, name='Z-Force', headquarters='Sister Margarets Bar')
Team(id=1, name='Z-Force', headquarters='Sister Margaret's Bar')
]
// Automatically refresh the data while accessing the attribute .heores
@@ -141,7 +304,7 @@ Z-Force heroes: [
Hero(name='Deadpond', age=None, id=1, secret_name='Dive Wilson'),
Hero(name='Spider-Boy', age=None, id=3, secret_name='Pedro Parqueador', teams=[
Team(id=2, name='Preventers', headquarters='Sharp Tower'),
Team(id=1, name='Z-Force', headquarters='Sister Margarets Bar', heroes=[...])
Team(id=1, name='Z-Force', headquarters='Sister Margaret's Bar', heroes=[...])
])
]
```
@@ -162,6 +325,32 @@ Because `hero_spider_boy.teams` is just a list (a special list managed by SQLAlc
In this case, we use the method `.remove()`, that takes an item and removes it from the list.
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python hl_lines="17-19 21-22"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/many_to_many/tutorial002_py310.py[ln:72-91]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.9+
```Python hl_lines="17-19 21-22"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/many_to_many/tutorial002_py39.py[ln:78-97]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python hl_lines="17-19 21-22"
# Code above omitted 👆
@@ -170,14 +359,35 @@ In this case, we use the method `.remove()`, that takes an item and removes it f
# Code below omitted 👇
```
<details>
<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
////
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/many_to_many/tutorial002_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.9+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/many_to_many/tutorial002_py39.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/many_to_many/tutorial002.py!}
```
</details>
////
///
And this time, just to show again that by using `back_populates` **SQLModel** (actually SQLAlchemy) takes care of connecting the models by their relationships, even though we performed the operation from the `hero_spider_boy` object (modifying `hero_spider_boy.teams`), we are adding `team_z_force` to the **session**. And we commit that, without even add `hero_spider_boy`.

View File

@@ -14,14 +14,25 @@ Let's see the utilities to read a single row.
We'll continue with the same examples we have been using in the previous chapters to create and select data and we'll keep updating them.
<details>
<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/indexes/tutorial002_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/indexes/tutorial002.py!}
```
</details>
////
///
If you already executed the previous examples and have a database with data, **remove the database file** before running each example, that way you won't have duplicate data and you will be able to get the same results.
@@ -29,6 +40,20 @@ If you already executed the previous examples and have a database with data, **r
We have been iterating over the rows in a `result` object like:
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python hl_lines="7-8"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/indexes/tutorial002_py310.py[ln:42-47]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python hl_lines="7-8"
# Code above omitted 👆
@@ -37,19 +62,46 @@ We have been iterating over the rows in a `result` object like:
# Code below omitted 👇
```
<details>
<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
////
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/indexes/tutorial002_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/indexes/tutorial002.py!}
```
</details>
////
///
But let's say that we are not interested in all the rows, just the **first** one.
We can call the `.first()` method on the `results` object to get the first row:
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python hl_lines="7"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/one/tutorial001_py310.py[ln:42-47]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python hl_lines="7"
# Code above omitted 👆
@@ -58,21 +110,37 @@ We can call the `.first()` method on the `results` object to get the first row:
# Code below omitted 👇
```
<details>
<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
////
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/one/tutorial001_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/one/tutorial001.py!}
```
</details>
////
///
This will return the first object in the `results` (if there was any).
That way, we don't have to deal with an iterable or a list.
!!! tip
Notice that `.first()` is a method of the `results` object, not of the `select()` statement.
/// tip
Notice that `.first()` is a method of the `results` object, not of the `select()` statement.
///
Although this query would find two rows, by using `.first()` we get only the first row.
@@ -103,6 +171,20 @@ It would be possible that the SQL query doesn't find any row.
In that case, `.first()` will return `None`:
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python hl_lines="5 7"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/one/tutorial002_py310.py[ln:42-47]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python hl_lines="5 7"
# Code above omitted 👆
@@ -111,14 +193,27 @@ In that case, `.first()` will return `None`:
# Code below omitted 👇
```
<details>
<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
////
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/one/tutorial002_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/one/tutorial002.py!}
```
</details>
////
///
In this case, as there's no hero with an age less than 25, `.first()` will return `None`.
@@ -151,6 +246,20 @@ And if there was more than one, it would mean that there's an error in the syste
In that case, instead of `.first()` we can use `.one()`:
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python hl_lines="7"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/one/tutorial003_py310.py[ln:42-47]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python hl_lines="7"
# Code above omitted 👆
@@ -159,14 +268,27 @@ In that case, instead of `.first()` we can use `.one()`:
# Code below omitted 👇
```
<details>
<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
////
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/one/tutorial003_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/one/tutorial003.py!}
```
</details>
////
///
Here we know that there's only one `"Deadpond"`, and there shouldn't be any more than one.
@@ -222,6 +344,20 @@ sqlalchemy.exc.MultipleResultsFound: Multiple rows were found when exactly one w
Of course, even if we don't duplicate the data, we could get the same error if we send a query that finds more than one row and expect exactly one with `.one()`:
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python hl_lines="5 7"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/one/tutorial004_py310.py[ln:42-47]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python hl_lines="5 7"
# Code above omitted 👆
@@ -230,14 +366,27 @@ Of course, even if we don't duplicate the data, we could get the same error if w
# Code below omitted 👇
```
<details>
<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
////
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/one/tutorial004_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/one/tutorial004.py!}
```
</details>
////
///
That would find 2 rows, and would end up with the same error.
@@ -245,6 +394,20 @@ That would find 2 rows, and would end up with the same error.
And also, if we get no rows at all with `.one()`, it will also raise an error:
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python hl_lines="5 7"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/one/tutorial005_py310.py[ln:42-47]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python hl_lines="5 7"
# Code above omitted 👆
@@ -253,14 +416,27 @@ And also, if we get no rows at all with `.one()`, it will also raise an error:
# Code below omitted 👇
```
<details>
<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
////
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/one/tutorial005_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/one/tutorial005.py!}
```
</details>
////
///
In this case, as there are no heroes with an age less than 25, `.one()` will raise an error.
@@ -293,6 +469,20 @@ sqlalchemy.exc.NoResultFound: No row was found when one was required
Of course, with `.first()` and `.one()` you would also probably write all that in a more compact form most of the time, all in a single line (or at least a single Python statement):
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python hl_lines="5"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/one/tutorial006_py310.py[ln:42-45]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python hl_lines="5"
# Code above omitted 👆
@@ -301,14 +491,27 @@ Of course, with `.first()` and `.one()` you would also probably write all that i
# Code below omitted 👇
```
<details>
<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
////
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/one/tutorial006_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/one/tutorial006.py!}
```
</details>
////
///
That would result in the same as some examples above.
@@ -318,6 +521,20 @@ In many cases you might want to select a single row by its Id column with the **
You could do it the same way we have been doing with a `.where()` and then getting the first item with `.first()`:
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python hl_lines="5 7"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/one/tutorial007_py310.py[ln:42-47]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python hl_lines="5 7"
# Code above omitted 👆
@@ -326,14 +543,27 @@ You could do it the same way we have been doing with a `.where()` and then getti
# Code below omitted 👇
```
<details>
<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
////
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/one/tutorial007_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/one/tutorial007.py!}
```
</details>
////
///
That would work correctly, as expected. But there's a shorter version. 👇
@@ -341,6 +571,20 @@ That would work correctly, as expected. But there's a shorter version. 👇
As selecting a single row by its Id column with the **primary key** is a common operation, there's a shortcut for it:
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python hl_lines="5"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/one/tutorial008_py310.py[ln:42-45]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python hl_lines="5"
# Code above omitted 👆
@@ -349,14 +593,27 @@ As selecting a single row by its Id column with the **primary key** is a common
# Code below omitted 👇
```
<details>
<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
////
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/one/tutorial008_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/one/tutorial008.py!}
```
</details>
////
///
`session.get(Hero, 1)` is an equivalent to creating a `select()`, then filtering by Id using `.where()`, and then getting the first item with `.first()`.
@@ -385,6 +642,20 @@ Hero: secret_name='Dive Wilson' age=None id=1 name='Deadpond'
`.get()` behaves similar to `.first()`, if there's no data it will simply return `None` (instead of raising an error):
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python hl_lines="5"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/one/tutorial009_py310.py[ln:42-45]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python hl_lines="5"
# Code above omitted 👆
@@ -393,14 +664,27 @@ Hero: secret_name='Dive Wilson' age=None id=1 name='Deadpond'
# Code below omitted 👇
```
<details>
<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
////
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/one/tutorial009_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/one/tutorial009.py!}
```
</details>
////
///
Running that will output:

View File

@@ -20,20 +20,63 @@ Let's understand that better with an example.
Let's see how that works by writing an **incomplete** version first, without `back_populates`:
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python hl_lines="9 19"
{!./docs_src/tutorial/relationship_attributes/back_populates/tutorial001_py310.py[ln:1-19]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.9+
```Python hl_lines="11 21"
{!./docs_src/tutorial/relationship_attributes/back_populates/tutorial001_py39.py[ln:1-21]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python hl_lines="11 21"
{!./docs_src/tutorial/relationship_attributes/back_populates/tutorial001.py[ln:1-21]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
<details>
<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
////
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/relationship_attributes/back_populates/tutorial001_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.9+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/relationship_attributes/back_populates/tutorial001_py39.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/relationship_attributes/back_populates/tutorial001.py!}
```
</details>
////
///
## Read Data Objects
@@ -41,6 +84,32 @@ Now, we will get the **Spider-Boy** hero and, *independently*, the **Preventers*
As you already know how this works, I won't separate that in a select `statement`, `results`, etc. Let's use the shorter form in a single call:
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python hl_lines="5-7 9-11"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/relationship_attributes/back_populates/tutorial001_py310.py[ln:103-111]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.9+
```Python hl_lines="5-7 9-11"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/relationship_attributes/back_populates/tutorial001_py39.py[ln:105-113]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python hl_lines="5-7 9-11"
# Code above omitted 👆
@@ -49,22 +118,72 @@ As you already know how this works, I won't separate that in a select `statement
# Code below omitted 👇
```
<details>
<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
////
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/relationship_attributes/back_populates/tutorial001_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.9+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/relationship_attributes/back_populates/tutorial001_py39.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/relationship_attributes/back_populates/tutorial001.py!}
```
</details>
////
!!! tip
When writing your own code, this is probably the style you will use most often, as it's shorter, more convenient, and you still get all the power of autocompletion and inline errors.
///
/// tip
When writing your own code, this is probably the style you will use most often, as it's shorter, more convenient, and you still get all the power of autocompletion and inline errors.
///
## Print the Data
Now, let's print the current **Spider-Boy**, the current **Preventers** team, and particularly, the current **Preventers** list of heroes:
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python hl_lines="13-15"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/relationship_attributes/back_populates/tutorial001_py310.py[ln:103-115]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.9+
```Python hl_lines="13-15"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/relationship_attributes/back_populates/tutorial001_py39.py[ln:105-117]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python hl_lines="13-15"
# Code above omitted 👆
@@ -73,14 +192,35 @@ Now, let's print the current **Spider-Boy**, the current **Preventers** team, an
# Code below omitted 👇
```
<details>
<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
////
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/relationship_attributes/back_populates/tutorial001_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.9+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/relationship_attributes/back_populates/tutorial001_py39.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/relationship_attributes/back_populates/tutorial001.py!}
```
</details>
////
///
Up to this point, it's all good. 😊
@@ -102,6 +242,40 @@ Notice that we have **Spider-Boy** there.
Now let's update **Spider-Boy**, removing him from the team by setting `hero_spider_boy.team = None` and then let's print this object again:
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python hl_lines="8 12"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/relationship_attributes/back_populates/tutorial001_py310.py[ln:103-104]!}
# Code here omitted 👈
{!./docs_src/tutorial/relationship_attributes/back_populates/tutorial001_py310.py[ln:117-121]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.9+
```Python hl_lines="8 12"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/relationship_attributes/back_populates/tutorial001_py39.py[ln:105-106]!}
# Code here omitted 👈
{!./docs_src/tutorial/relationship_attributes/back_populates/tutorial001_py39.py[ln:119-123]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python hl_lines="8 12"
# Code above omitted 👆
@@ -114,21 +288,45 @@ Now let's update **Spider-Boy**, removing him from the team by setting `hero_spi
# Code below omitted 👇
```
<details>
<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
////
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/relationship_attributes/back_populates/tutorial001_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.9+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/relationship_attributes/back_populates/tutorial001_py39.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/relationship_attributes/back_populates/tutorial001.py!}
```
</details>
////
///
The first important thing is, we *haven't committed* the hero yet, so accessing the list of heroes would not trigger an automatic refresh.
But in our code, in this exact point in time, we already said that **Spider-Boy** is no longer part of the **Preventers**. 🔥
!!! tip
We could revert that later by not committing the **session**, but that's not what we are interested in here.
/// tip
We could revert that later by not committing the **session**, but that's not what we are interested in here.
///
Here, at this point in the code, in memory, the code expects **Preventers** to *not include* **Spider-Boy**.
@@ -158,6 +356,40 @@ Oh, no! 😱 **Spider-Boy** is still listed there!
Now, if we commit it and print again:
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python hl_lines="8-9 15"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/relationship_attributes/back_populates/tutorial001_py310.py[ln:103-104]!}
# Code here omitted 👈
{!./docs_src/tutorial/relationship_attributes/back_populates/tutorial001_py310.py[ln:123-130]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.9+
```Python hl_lines="8-9 15"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/relationship_attributes/back_populates/tutorial001_py39.py[ln:105-106]!}
# Code here omitted 👈
{!./docs_src/tutorial/relationship_attributes/back_populates/tutorial001_py39.py[ln:125-132]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python hl_lines="8-9 15"
# Code above omitted 👆
@@ -170,14 +402,35 @@ Now, if we commit it and print again:
# Code below omitted 👇
```
<details>
<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
////
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/relationship_attributes/back_populates/tutorial001_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.9+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/relationship_attributes/back_populates/tutorial001_py39.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/relationship_attributes/back_populates/tutorial001.py!}
```
</details>
////
///
When we access `preventers_team.heroes` after the `commit`, that triggers a refresh, so we get the latest list, without **Spider-Boy**, so that's fine again:
@@ -209,23 +462,100 @@ That's what `back_populates` is for. ✨
Let's add it back:
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python hl_lines="9 19"
{!./docs_src/tutorial/relationship_attributes/back_populates/tutorial002_py310.py[ln:1-19]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.9+
```Python hl_lines="11 21"
{!./docs_src/tutorial/relationship_attributes/back_populates/tutorial002_py39.py[ln:1-21]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python hl_lines="11 21"
{!./docs_src/tutorial/relationship_attributes/back_populates/tutorial002.py[ln:1-21]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
<details>
<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
////
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/relationship_attributes/back_populates/tutorial002_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.9+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/relationship_attributes/back_populates/tutorial002_py39.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/relationship_attributes/back_populates/tutorial002.py!}
```
</details>
////
///
And we can keep the rest of the code the same:
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python hl_lines="8 12"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/relationship_attributes/back_populates/tutorial002_py310.py[ln:103-104]!}
# Code here omitted 👈
{!./docs_src/tutorial/relationship_attributes/back_populates/tutorial002_py310.py[ln:117-121]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.9+
```Python hl_lines="8 12"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/relationship_attributes/back_populates/tutorial002_py39.py[ln:105-106]!}
# Code here omitted 👈
{!./docs_src/tutorial/relationship_attributes/back_populates/tutorial002_py39.py[ln:119-123]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python hl_lines="8 12"
# Code above omitted 👆
@@ -238,19 +568,43 @@ And we can keep the rest of the code the same:
# Code below omitted 👇
```
<details>
<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
////
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/relationship_attributes/back_populates/tutorial002_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.9+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/relationship_attributes/back_populates/tutorial002_py39.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/relationship_attributes/back_populates/tutorial002.py!}
```
</details>
////
!!! tip
This is the same section where we updated `hero_spider_boy.team` to `None` but we *haven't committed* that change yet.
///
The same section that caused a problem before.
/// tip
This is the same section where we updated `hero_spider_boy.team` to `None` but we *haven't committed* that change yet.
The same section that caused a problem before.
///
## Review the Result
@@ -275,20 +629,63 @@ Now that you know why `back_populates` is there, let's review the exact value ag
It's quite simple code, it's just a string, but it might be confusing to think exactly *what* string should go there:
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python hl_lines="9 19"
{!./docs_src/tutorial/relationship_attributes/back_populates/tutorial002_py310.py[ln:1-19]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.9+
```Python hl_lines="11 21"
{!./docs_src/tutorial/relationship_attributes/back_populates/tutorial002_py39.py[ln:1-21]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python hl_lines="11 21"
{!./docs_src/tutorial/relationship_attributes/back_populates/tutorial002.py[ln:1-21]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
<details>
<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
////
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/relationship_attributes/back_populates/tutorial002_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.9+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/relationship_attributes/back_populates/tutorial002_py39.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/relationship_attributes/back_populates/tutorial002.py!}
```
</details>
////
///
The string in `back_populates` is the name of the attribute *in the other* model, that will reference *the current* model.
@@ -296,6 +693,32 @@ The string in `back_populates` is the name of the attribute *in the other* model
So, in the class `Team`, we have an attribute `heroes` and we declare it with `Relationship(back_populates="team")`.
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python hl_lines="8"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/relationship_attributes/back_populates/tutorial002_py310.py[ln:4-9]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.9+
```Python hl_lines="8"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/relationship_attributes/back_populates/tutorial002_py39.py[ln:6-11]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python hl_lines="8"
# Code above omitted 👆
@@ -304,14 +727,35 @@ So, in the class `Team`, we have an attribute `heroes` and we declare it with `R
# Code below omitted 👇
```
<details>
<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
////
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/relationship_attributes/back_populates/tutorial002_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.9+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/relationship_attributes/back_populates/tutorial002_py39.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/relationship_attributes/back_populates/tutorial002.py!}
```
</details>
////
///
The string in `back_populates="team"` refers to the attribute `team` in the class `Hero` (the other class).
@@ -319,6 +763,32 @@ And, in the class `Hero`, we declare an attribute `team`, and we declare it with
So, the string `"heroes"` refers to the attribute `heroes` in the class `Team`.
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python hl_lines="10"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/relationship_attributes/back_populates/tutorial002_py310.py[ln:12-19]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.9+
```Python hl_lines="10"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/relationship_attributes/back_populates/tutorial002_py39.py[ln:14-21]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python hl_lines="10"
# Code above omitted 👆
@@ -327,17 +797,41 @@ So, the string `"heroes"` refers to the attribute `heroes` in the class `Team`.
# Code below omitted 👇
```
<details>
<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
////
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/relationship_attributes/back_populates/tutorial002_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.9+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/relationship_attributes/back_populates/tutorial002_py39.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/relationship_attributes/back_populates/tutorial002.py!}
```
</details>
////
!!! tip
Each **relationship attribute** points to the other one, in the other model, using `back_populates`.
///
/// tip
Each **relationship attribute** points to the other one, in the other model, using `back_populates`.
///
Although it's simple code, it can be confusing to think about 😵, because the same line has concepts related to both models in multiple places:
@@ -356,6 +850,32 @@ So, `back_populates` would most probably be something like `"hero"` or `"heroes"
<img src="/img/tutorial/relationships/attributes/back-populates2.svg">
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python hl_lines="3 10 13 15"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/relationship_attributes/back_populates/tutorial003_py310.py[ln:27-39]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.9+
```Python hl_lines="3 10 13 15"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/relationship_attributes/back_populates/tutorial003_py39.py[ln:29-41]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python hl_lines="3 10 13 15"
# Code above omitted 👆
@@ -364,11 +884,32 @@ So, `back_populates` would most probably be something like `"hero"` or `"heroes"
# Code below omitted 👇
```
<details>
<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
////
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/relationship_attributes/back_populates/tutorial003_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.9+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/relationship_attributes/back_populates/tutorial003_py39.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/relationship_attributes/back_populates/tutorial003.py!}
```
</details>
////
///

View File

@@ -6,6 +6,20 @@ Let's see now how to create data with relationships using these new **relationsh
Let's check the old code we used to create some heroes and teams:
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python hl_lines="9 12 18 24"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/connect/insert/tutorial001_py310.py[ln:29-58]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python hl_lines="9 12 18 24"
# Code above omitted 👆
@@ -14,14 +28,27 @@ Let's check the old code we used to create some heroes and teams:
# Code below omitted 👇
```
<details>
<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
////
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/connect/insert/tutorial001_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/connect/insert/tutorial001.py!}
```
</details>
////
///
There are several things to **notice** here.
@@ -41,6 +68,32 @@ This is the first area where these **relationship attributes** can help. 🤓
Now let's do all that, but this time using the new, shiny `Relationship` attributes:
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python hl_lines="9 12 18"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/relationship_attributes/define_relationship_attributes/tutorial001_py310.py[ln:32-55]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.9+
```Python hl_lines="9 12 18"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/relationship_attributes/define_relationship_attributes/tutorial001_py39.py[ln:34-57]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python hl_lines="9 12 18"
# Code above omitted 👆
@@ -49,14 +102,35 @@ Now let's do all that, but this time using the new, shiny `Relationship` attribu
# Code below omitted 👇
```
<details>
<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
////
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/relationship_attributes/define_relationship_attributes/tutorial001_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.9+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/relationship_attributes/define_relationship_attributes/tutorial001_py39.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/relationship_attributes/define_relationship_attributes/tutorial001.py!}
```
</details>
////
///
Now we can create the `Team` instances and pass them directly to the new `team` argument when creating the `Hero` instances, as `team=team_preventers` instead of `team_id=team_preventers.id`.
@@ -72,6 +146,40 @@ And then, as you can see, we only have to do one `commit()`.
The same way we could assign an integer with a `team.id` to a `hero.team_id`, we can also assign the `Team` instance to the `hero.team`:
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python hl_lines="8"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/relationship_attributes/create_and_update_relationships/tutorial001_py310.py[ln:32-33]!}
# Previous code here omitted 👈
{!./docs_src/tutorial/relationship_attributes/create_and_update_relationships/tutorial001_py310.py[ln:57-61]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.9+
```Python hl_lines="8"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/relationship_attributes/create_and_update_relationships/tutorial001_py39.py[ln:34-35]!}
# Previous code here omitted 👈
{!./docs_src/tutorial/relationship_attributes/create_and_update_relationships/tutorial001_py39.py[ln:59-63]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python hl_lines="8"
# Code above omitted 👆
@@ -84,14 +192,35 @@ The same way we could assign an integer with a `team.id` to a `hero.team_id`, we
# Code below omitted 👇
```
<details>
<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
////
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/relationship_attributes/create_and_update_relationships/tutorial001_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.9+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/relationship_attributes/create_and_update_relationships/tutorial001_py39.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/relationship_attributes/create_and_update_relationships/tutorial001.py!}
```
</details>
////
///
## Create a Team with Heroes
@@ -99,6 +228,40 @@ Before, we created some `Team` instances and passed them in the `team=` argument
We could also create the `Hero` instances first, and then pass them in the `heroes=` argument that takes a list, when creating a `Team` instance:
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python hl_lines="13 15-16"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/relationship_attributes/create_and_update_relationships/tutorial001_py310.py[ln:32-33]!}
# Previous code here omitted 👈
{!./docs_src/tutorial/relationship_attributes/create_and_update_relationships/tutorial001_py310.py[ln:63-73]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.9+
```Python hl_lines="13 15-16"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/relationship_attributes/create_and_update_relationships/tutorial001_py39.py[ln:34-35]!}
# Previous code here omitted 👈
{!./docs_src/tutorial/relationship_attributes/create_and_update_relationships/tutorial001_py39.py[ln:65-75]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python hl_lines="13 15-16"
# Code above omitted 👆
@@ -111,14 +274,35 @@ We could also create the `Hero` instances first, and then pass them in the `hero
# Code below omitted 👇
```
<details>
<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
////
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/relationship_attributes/create_and_update_relationships/tutorial001_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.9+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/relationship_attributes/create_and_update_relationships/tutorial001_py39.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/relationship_attributes/create_and_update_relationships/tutorial001.py!}
```
</details>
////
///
Here we create two heroes first, **Black Lion** and **Princess Sure-E**, and then we pass them in the `heroes` argument.
@@ -134,6 +318,40 @@ As the attribute `team.heroes` behaves like a list, we can simply append to it.
Let's create some more heroes and add them to the `team_preventers.heroes` list attribute:
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python hl_lines="14-18"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/relationship_attributes/create_and_update_relationships/tutorial001_py310.py[ln:32-33]!}
# Previous code here omitted 👈
{!./docs_src/tutorial/relationship_attributes/create_and_update_relationships/tutorial001_py310.py[ln:75-91]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.9+
```Python hl_lines="14-18"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/relationship_attributes/create_and_update_relationships/tutorial001_py39.py[ln:34-35]!}
# Previous code here omitted 👈
{!./docs_src/tutorial/relationship_attributes/create_and_update_relationships/tutorial001_py39.py[ln:77-93]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python hl_lines="14-18"
# Code above omitted 👆
@@ -146,14 +364,35 @@ Let's create some more heroes and add them to the `team_preventers.heroes` list
# Code below omitted 👇
```
<details>
<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
////
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/relationship_attributes/create_and_update_relationships/tutorial001_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.9+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/relationship_attributes/create_and_update_relationships/tutorial001_py39.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/relationship_attributes/create_and_update_relationships/tutorial001.py!}
```
</details>
////
///
The attribute `team_preventers.heroes` behaves like a list. But it's a special type of list, because when we modify it adding heroes to it, **SQLModel** (actually SQLAlchemy) **keeps track of the necessary changes** to be done in the database.

View File

@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ We currently have a `team` table:
<td>1</td><td>Preventers</td><td>Sharp Tower</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>2</td><td>Z-Force</td><td>Sister Margarets Bar</td>
<td>2</td><td>Z-Force</td><td>Sister Margaret's Bar</td>
</tr>
</table>
@@ -41,20 +41,45 @@ Now that you know how these tables work underneath and how the model classes rep
Up to now, we have only used the `team_id` column to connect the tables when querying with `select()`:
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python hl_lines="16"
{!./docs_src/tutorial/connect/insert/tutorial001_py310.py[ln:1-16]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python hl_lines="18"
{!./docs_src/tutorial/connect/insert/tutorial001.py[ln:1-18]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
<details>
<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
////
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/connect/insert/tutorial001_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/connect/insert/tutorial001.py!}
```
</details>
////
///
This is a **plain field** like all the others, all representing a **column in the table**.
@@ -62,37 +87,123 @@ But now let's add a couple of new special attributes to these model classes, let
First, import `Relationship` from `sqlmodel`:
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python hl_lines="1"
{!./docs_src/tutorial/relationship_attributes/define_relationship_attributes/tutorial001_py310.py[ln:1]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.9+
```Python hl_lines="3"
{!./docs_src/tutorial/relationship_attributes/define_relationship_attributes/tutorial001_py39.py[ln:1-3]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python hl_lines="3"
{!./docs_src/tutorial/relationship_attributes/define_relationship_attributes/tutorial001.py[ln:1-3]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
<details>
<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
////
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/relationship_attributes/define_relationship_attributes/tutorial001_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.9+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/relationship_attributes/define_relationship_attributes/tutorial001_py39.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/relationship_attributes/define_relationship_attributes/tutorial001.py!}
```
</details>
////
///
Next, use that `Relationship` to declare a new attribute in the model classes:
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python hl_lines="9 19"
{!./docs_src/tutorial/relationship_attributes/define_relationship_attributes/tutorial001_py310.py[ln:1-19]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.9+
```Python hl_lines="11 21"
{!./docs_src/tutorial/relationship_attributes/define_relationship_attributes/tutorial001_py39.py[ln:1-21]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python hl_lines="11 21"
{!./docs_src/tutorial/relationship_attributes/define_relationship_attributes/tutorial001.py[ln:1-21]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
<details>
<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
////
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/relationship_attributes/define_relationship_attributes/tutorial001_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.9+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/relationship_attributes/define_relationship_attributes/tutorial001_py39.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/relationship_attributes/define_relationship_attributes/tutorial001.py!}
```
</details>
////
///
## What Are These Relationship Attributes
@@ -123,10 +234,13 @@ And in the `Team` class, the `heroes` attribute is annotated as a list of `Hero`
**SQLModel** (actually SQLAlchemy) is smart enough to know that the relationship is established by the `team_id`, as that's the foreign key that points from the `hero` table to the `team` table, so we don't have to specify that explicitly here.
!!! tip
There's a couple of things we'll check again in some of the next chapters, about the `List["Hero"]` and the `back_populates`.
/// tip
But for now, let's first see how to use these relationship attributes.
There's a couple of things we'll check again in some of the next chapters, about the `List["Hero"]` and the `back_populates`.
But for now, let's first see how to use these relationship attributes.
///
## Next Steps

View File

@@ -4,11 +4,14 @@ In the previous chapters we discussed how to manage databases with tables that h
And then we read the data together with `select()` and using `.where()` or `.join()` to connect it.
Now we will see how to use **Relationship Attributes**, an extra feature of **SQLModel** (and SQLAlchemy) to work with the data in the database in way much more familiar way, and closer to normal Python code.
Now we will see how to use **Relationship Attributes**, an extra feature of **SQLModel** (and SQLAlchemy), to work with the data in the database in a much more familiar way, and closer to normal Python code.
!!! info
When I say "**relationship**" I mean the standard dictionary term, of data related to other data.
/// info
I'm not using the term "**relation**" that is the technical, academical, SQL term for a single table.
When I say "**relationship**" I mean the standard dictionary term, of data related to other data.
I'm not using the term "**relation**" that is the technical, academical, SQL term for a single table.
///
And using those **relationship attributes** is where a tool like **SQLModel** really shines. ✨

View File

@@ -6,6 +6,40 @@ Now that we know how to connect data using **relationship Attributes**, let's se
First, add a function `select_heroes()` where we get a hero to start working with, and add that function to the `main()` function:
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python hl_lines="3-7 14"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/relationship_attributes/read_relationships/tutorial001_py310.py[ln:94-98]!}
# Previous code here omitted 👈
{!./docs_src/tutorial/relationship_attributes/read_relationships/tutorial001_py310.py[ln:108-111]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.9+
```Python hl_lines="3-7 14"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/relationship_attributes/read_relationships/tutorial001_py39.py[ln:96-100]!}
# Previous code here omitted 👈
{!./docs_src/tutorial/relationship_attributes/read_relationships/tutorial001_py39.py[ln:110-113]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python hl_lines="3-7 14"
# Code above omitted 👆
@@ -18,14 +52,35 @@ First, add a function `select_heroes()` where we get a hero to start working wit
# Code below omitted 👇
```
<details>
<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
////
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/relationship_attributes/read_relationships/tutorial001_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.9+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/relationship_attributes/read_relationships/tutorial001_py39.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/relationship_attributes/read_relationships/tutorial001.py!}
```
</details>
////
///
## Select the Related Team - Old Way
@@ -33,6 +88,32 @@ Now that we have a hero, we can get the team this hero belongs to.
With what we have learned **up to now**, we could use a `select()` statement, then execute it with `session.exec()`, and then get the `.first()` result, for example:
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python hl_lines="9-12"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/relationship_attributes/read_relationships/tutorial001_py310.py[ln:94-103]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.9+
```Python hl_lines="9-12"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/relationship_attributes/read_relationships/tutorial001_py39.py[ln:96-105]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python hl_lines="9-12"
# Code above omitted 👆
@@ -41,14 +122,35 @@ With what we have learned **up to now**, we could use a `select()` statement, th
# Code below omitted 👇
```
<details>
<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
////
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/relationship_attributes/read_relationships/tutorial001_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.9+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/relationship_attributes/read_relationships/tutorial001_py39.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/relationship_attributes/read_relationships/tutorial001.py!}
```
</details>
////
///
## Get Relationship Team - New Way
@@ -56,6 +158,40 @@ But now that we have the **relationship attributes**, we can just access them, a
So, the highlighted block above, has the same results as the block below:
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python hl_lines="11"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/relationship_attributes/read_relationships/tutorial001_py310.py[ln:94-98]!}
# Code from the previous example omitted 👈
{!./docs_src/tutorial/relationship_attributes/read_relationships/tutorial001_py310.py[ln:105]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.9+
```Python hl_lines="11"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/relationship_attributes/read_relationships/tutorial001_py39.py[ln:96-100]!}
# Code from the previous example omitted 👈
{!./docs_src/tutorial/relationship_attributes/read_relationships/tutorial001_py39.py[ln:107]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python hl_lines="11"
# Code above omitted 👆
@@ -68,24 +204,74 @@ So, the highlighted block above, has the same results as the block below:
# Code below omitted 👇
```
<details>
<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
////
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/relationship_attributes/read_relationships/tutorial001_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.9+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/relationship_attributes/read_relationships/tutorial001_py39.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/relationship_attributes/read_relationships/tutorial001.py!}
```
</details>
////
!!! tip
The automatic data fetching will work as long as the starting object (in this case the `Hero`) is associated with an **open** session.
///
For example, here, **inside** a `with` block with a `Session` object.
/// tip
The automatic data fetching will work as long as the starting object (in this case the `Hero`) is associated with an **open** session.
For example, here, **inside** a `with` block with a `Session` object.
///
## Get a List of Relationship Objects
And the same way, when we are working on the **many** side of the **one-to-many** relationship, we can get a list of of the related objects just by accessing the relationship attribute:
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python hl_lines="9"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/relationship_attributes/read_relationships/tutorial002_py310.py[ln:94-100]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.9+
```Python hl_lines="9"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/relationship_attributes/read_relationships/tutorial002_py39.py[ln:96-102]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python hl_lines="9"
# Code above omitted 👆
@@ -94,14 +280,35 @@ And the same way, when we are working on the **many** side of the **one-to-many*
# Code below omitted 👇
```
<details>
<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
////
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/relationship_attributes/read_relationships/tutorial002_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.9+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/relationship_attributes/read_relationships/tutorial002_py39.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/relationship_attributes/read_relationships/tutorial002.py!}
```
</details>
////
///
That would print a list with all the heroes in the Preventers team:

View File

@@ -8,6 +8,32 @@ And then for some reason needs to leave the **Preventers** for some years. 😭
We can remove the relationship by setting it to `None`, the same as with the `team_id`, it also works with the new relationship attribute `.team`:
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python hl_lines="9"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/relationship_attributes/read_relationships/tutorial002_py310.py[ln:103-114]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.9+
```Python hl_lines="9"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/relationship_attributes/read_relationships/tutorial002_py39.py[ln:105-116]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python hl_lines="9"
# Code above omitted 👆
@@ -16,17 +42,64 @@ We can remove the relationship by setting it to `None`, the same as with the `te
# Code below omitted 👇
```
<details>
<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
////
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/relationship_attributes/read_relationships/tutorial002_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.9+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/relationship_attributes/read_relationships/tutorial002_py39.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/relationship_attributes/read_relationships/tutorial002.py!}
```
</details>
////
///
And of course, we should remember to add this `update_heroes()` function to `main()` so that it runs when we call this program from the command line:
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python hl_lines="7"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/relationship_attributes/read_relationships/tutorial002_py310.py[ln:117-121]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.9+
```Python hl_lines="7"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/relationship_attributes/read_relationships/tutorial002_py39.py[ln:119-123]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python hl_lines="7"
# Code above omitted 👆
@@ -35,14 +108,35 @@ And of course, we should remember to add this `update_heroes()` function to `mai
# Code below omitted 👇
```
<details>
<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
////
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/relationship_attributes/read_relationships/tutorial002_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.9+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/relationship_attributes/read_relationships/tutorial002_py39.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/relationship_attributes/read_relationships/tutorial002.py!}
```
</details>
////
///
## Recap

View File

@@ -2,20 +2,63 @@
In the first Relationship attribute, we declare it with `List["Hero"]`, putting the `Hero` in quotes instead of just normally there:
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python hl_lines="9"
{!./docs_src/tutorial/relationship_attributes/define_relationship_attributes/tutorial001_py310.py[ln:1-19]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.9+
```Python hl_lines="11"
{!./docs_src/tutorial/relationship_attributes/define_relationship_attributes/tutorial001_py39.py[ln:1-21]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python hl_lines="11"
{!./docs_src/tutorial/relationship_attributes/define_relationship_attributes/tutorial001.py[ln:1-21]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
<details>
<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
////
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/relationship_attributes/define_relationship_attributes/tutorial001_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.9+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/relationship_attributes/define_relationship_attributes/tutorial001_py39.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/relationship_attributes/define_relationship_attributes/tutorial001.py!}
```
</details>
////
///
What's that about? Can't we just write it normally as `List[Hero]`?
@@ -29,5 +72,8 @@ And of course, **SQLModel** can also understand it in the string correctly. ✨
That is actually part of Python, it's the current official solution to handle it.
!!! info
There's a lot of work going on in Python itself to make that simpler and more intuitive, and find ways to make it possible to not wrap the class in a string.
/// info
There's a lot of work going on in Python itself to make that simpler and more intuitive, and find ways to make it possible to not wrap the class in a string.
///

View File

@@ -23,14 +23,25 @@ Things are getting more exciting! Let's now see how to read data from the databa
Let's continue from the last code we used to create some data.
<details>
<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/insert/tutorial002_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/insert/tutorial002.py!}
```
</details>
////
///
We are creating a **SQLModel** `Hero` class model and creating some records.
@@ -79,12 +90,15 @@ You can try that out in **DB Browser for SQLite**:
<img class="shadow" src="/img/tutorial/select/image01.png">
!!! warning
Here we are getting all the rows.
/// warning
If you have thousands of rows, that could be expensive to compute for the database.
Here we are getting all the rows.
You would normally want to filter the rows to receive only the ones you want. But we'll learn about that later in the next chapter.
If you have thousands of rows, that could be expensive to compute for the database.
You would normally want to filter the rows to receive only the ones you want. But we'll learn about that later in the next chapter.
///
### A SQL Shortcut
@@ -164,6 +178,20 @@ The first step is to create a **Session**, the same way we did when creating the
We will start with that in a new function `select_heroes()`:
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python hl_lines="3-4"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/select/tutorial001_py310.py[ln:34-35]!}
# More code here later 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python hl_lines="3-4"
# Code above omitted 👆
@@ -172,14 +200,27 @@ We will start with that in a new function `select_heroes()`:
# More code here later 👇
```
<details>
<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
////
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/select/tutorial001_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/select/tutorial001.py!}
```
</details>
////
///
## Create a `select` Statement
@@ -187,23 +228,64 @@ Next, pretty much the same way we wrote a SQL `SELECT` statement above, now we'l
First we have to import `select` from `sqlmodel` at the top of the file:
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python hl_lines="1"
{!./docs_src/tutorial/select/tutorial001_py310.py[ln:1]!}
# More code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python hl_lines="3"
{!./docs_src/tutorial/select/tutorial001.py[ln:1-3]!}
# More code below omitted 👇
```
<details>
<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
////
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/select/tutorial001_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/select/tutorial001.py!}
```
</details>
////
///
And then we will use it to create a `SELECT` statement in Python code:
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python hl_lines="7"
{!./docs_src/tutorial/select/tutorial001_py310.py[ln:1]!}
# More code here omitted 👈
{!./docs_src/tutorial/select/tutorial001_py310.py[ln:34-36]!}
# More code here later 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python hl_lines="9"
{!./docs_src/tutorial/select/tutorial001.py[ln:1-3]!}
@@ -214,14 +296,27 @@ And then we will use it to create a `SELECT` statement in Python code:
# More code here later 👇
```
<details>
<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
////
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/select/tutorial001_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/select/tutorial001.py!}
```
</details>
////
///
It's a very simple line of code that conveys a lot of information:
@@ -240,15 +335,32 @@ We pass the class model `Hero` to the `select()` function. And that tells it tha
And notice that in the `select()` function we don't explicitly specify the `FROM` part. It is already obvious to **SQLModel** (actually to SQLAlchemy) that we want to select `FROM` the table `hero`, because that's the one associated with the `Hero` class model.
!!! tip
The value of the `statement` returned by `select()` is a special object that allows us to do other things.
/// tip
I'll tell you about that in the next chapters.
The value of the `statement` returned by `select()` is a special object that allows us to do other things.
I'll tell you about that in the next chapters.
///
## Execute the Statement
Now that we have the `select` statement, we can execute it with the **session**:
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python hl_lines="6"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/select/tutorial001_py310.py[ln:34-37]!}
# More code here later 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python hl_lines="6"
# Code above omitted 👆
@@ -257,14 +369,27 @@ Now that we have the `select` statement, we can execute it with the **session**:
# More code here later 👇
```
<details>
<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
////
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/select/tutorial001_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/select/tutorial001.py!}
```
</details>
////
///
This will tell the **session** to go ahead and use the **engine** to execute that `SELECT` statement in the database and bring the results back.
@@ -302,6 +427,20 @@ The `results` object is an <abbr title="Something that can be used in a for loop
Now we can put it in a `for` loop and print each one of the heroes:
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python hl_lines="7-8"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/select/tutorial001_py310.py[ln:34-39]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python hl_lines="7-8"
# Code above omitted 👆
@@ -310,14 +449,27 @@ Now we can put it in a `for` loop and print each one of the heroes:
# Code below omitted 👇
```
<details>
<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
////
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/select/tutorial001_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/select/tutorial001.py!}
```
</details>
////
///
This will print the output:
@@ -331,6 +483,20 @@ id=3 name='Rusty-Man' age=48 secret_name='Tommy Sharp'
Now include a call to `select_heroes()` in the `main()` function so that it is executed when we run the program from the command line:
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python hl_lines="14"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/select/tutorial001_py310.py[ln:34-45]!}
# More code here later 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python hl_lines="14"
# Code above omitted 👆
@@ -339,14 +505,27 @@ Now include a call to `select_heroes()` in the `main()` function so that it is e
# More code here later 👇
```
<details>
<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
////
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/select/tutorial001_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/select/tutorial001.py!}
```
</details>
////
///
## Review The Code
@@ -354,14 +533,31 @@ Great, you're now being able to read the data from the database! 🎉
Let's review the code up to this point:
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```{ .python .annotate }
{!./docs_src/tutorial/select/tutorial002_py310.py!}
```
{!./docs_src/tutorial/select/annotations/en/tutorial002.md!}
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```{ .python .annotate }
{!./docs_src/tutorial/select/tutorial002.py!}
```
{!./docs_src/tutorial/select/annotations/en/tutorial002.md!}
!!! tip
Check out the number bubbles to see what is done by each line of code.
////
/// tip
Check out the number bubbles to see what is done by each line of code.
///
Here it starts to become more evident why we should have a single **engine** for the whole application, but different **sessions** for each group of operations.
@@ -373,10 +569,13 @@ And the second section reading data from the database could be in another functi
So, both sections could be in **different places** and would need their own sessions.
!!! info
To be fair, in this example all that code could actually share the same **session**, there's actually no need to have two here.
/// info
But it allows me to show you how they could be separated and to reinforce the idea that you should have **one engine** per application, and **multiple sessions**, one per each group of operations.
To be fair, in this example all that code could actually share the same **session**, there's actually no need to have two here.
But it allows me to show you how they could be separated and to reinforce the idea that you should have **one engine** per application, and **multiple sessions**, one per each group of operations.
///
## Get a List of `Hero` Objects
@@ -386,6 +585,20 @@ But for different reasons you might want to have the full **list of `Hero`** obj
The special `results` object also has a method `results.all()` that returns a list with all the objects:
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python hl_lines="7"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/select/tutorial003_py310.py[ln:34-39]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python hl_lines="7"
# Code above omitted 👆
@@ -394,14 +607,27 @@ The special `results` object also has a method `results.all()` that returns a li
# Code below omitted 👇
```
<details>
<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
////
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/select/tutorial003_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/select/tutorial003.py!}
```
</details>
////
///
With this now we have all the heroes in a list in the `heroes` variable.
@@ -415,8 +641,11 @@ After printing it, we would see something like:
]
```
!!! info
It would actually look more compact, I'm formatting it a bit for you to see that it is actually a list with all the data.
/// info
It would actually look more compact, I'm formatting it a bit for you to see that it is actually a list with all the data.
///
## Compact Version
@@ -424,6 +653,20 @@ I have been creating several variables to be able to explain to you what each th
But knowing what is each object and what it is all doing, we can simplify it a bit and put it in a more compact form:
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python hl_lines="5"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/select/tutorial004_py310.py[ln:34-37]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python hl_lines="5"
# Code above omitted 👆
@@ -432,14 +675,27 @@ But knowing what is each object and what it is all doing, we can simplify it a b
# Code below omitted 👇
```
<details>
<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
////
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/select/tutorial004_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/select/tutorial004.py!}
```
</details>
////
///
Here we are putting it all on a single line, you will probably put the select statements in a single line like this more often.
@@ -457,12 +713,15 @@ In this chapter we are touching some of them.
When importing from `sqlmodel` the `select()` function, you are using **SQLModel**'s version of `select`.
SQLAchemy also has it's own `select`, and SQLModel's `select` uses SQLAlchemy's `select` internally.
SQLAchemy also has its own `select`, and SQLModel's `select` uses SQLAlchemy's `select` internally.
But SQLModel's version does a lot of **tricks** with type annotations to make sure you get the best **editor support** possible, no matter if you use **VS Code**, **PyCharm**, or something else. ✨
!!! info
There was a lot of work and research, with different versions of the internal code, to improve this as much as possible. 🤓
/// info
There was a lot of work and research, with different versions of the internal code, to improve this as much as possible. 🤓
///
### SQLModel's `session.exec`
@@ -492,10 +751,13 @@ On top of that, **SQLModel**'s `session.exec()` also does some tricks to reduce
But SQLModel's `Session` still has access to `session.execute()` too.
!!! tip
Your editor will give you autocompletion for both `session.exec()` and `session.execute()`.
/// tip
📢 Remember to **always use `session.exec()`** to get the best editor support and developer experience.
Your editor will give you autocompletion for both `session.exec()` and `session.execute()`.
📢 Remember to **always use `session.exec()`** to get the best editor support and developer experience.
///
### Caveats of **SQLModel** Flavor

View File

@@ -6,14 +6,25 @@ Now let's see how to update data using **SQLModel**.
As before, we'll continue from where we left off with the previous code.
<details>
<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/indexes/tutorial002_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/indexes/tutorial002.py!}
```
</details>
////
///
Remember to remove the `database.db` file before running the examples to get the same results.
@@ -41,12 +52,15 @@ And the second part, with the `WHERE`, defines to which rows it should apply tha
In this case, as we only have one hero with the name `"Spider-Boy"`, it will only apply the update in that row.
!!! info
Notice that in the `UPDATE` the single equals sign (`=`) means **assignment**, setting a column to some value.
/// info
And in the `WHERE` the same single equals sign (`=`) is used for **comparison** between two values, to find rows that match.
Notice that in the `UPDATE` the single equals sign (`=`) means **assignment**, setting a column to some value.
This is in contrast to Python and most programming languages, where a single equals sign (`=`) is used for assignment, and two equal signs (`==`) are used for comparisons.
And in the `WHERE` the same single equals sign (`=`) is used for **comparison** between two values, to find rows that match.
This is in contrast to Python and most programming languages, where a single equals sign (`=`) is used for assignment, and two equal signs (`==`) are used for comparisons.
///
You can try that in **DB Browser for SQLite**:
@@ -69,16 +83,19 @@ After that update, the data in the table will look like this, with the new age f
</tr>
</table>
!!! tip
It will probably be more common to find the row to update by `id`, for example:
/// tip
```SQL
UPDATE hero
SET age=16
WHERE id = 2
```
It will probably be more common to find the row to update by `id`, for example:
But in the example above I used `name` to make it more intuitive.
```SQL
UPDATE hero
SET age=16
WHERE id = 2
```
But in the example above I used `name` to make it more intuitive.
///
Now let's do the same update in code, with **SQLModel**.
@@ -88,6 +105,20 @@ To get the same results, delete the `database.db` file before running the exampl
We'll start by selecting the hero `"Spider-Boy"`, this is the one we will update:
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python hl_lines="5"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/update/tutorial001_py310.py[ln:42-47]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python hl_lines="5"
# Code above omitted 👆
@@ -96,31 +127,69 @@ We'll start by selecting the hero `"Spider-Boy"`, this is the one we will update
# Code below omitted 👇
```
<details>
<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
////
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/update/tutorial001_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/update/tutorial001.py!}
```
</details>
////
///
Let's not forget to add that `update_heroes()` function to the `main()` function so that we call it when executing the program from the command line:
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python hl_lines="6"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/update/tutorial001_py310.py[ln:56-63]!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python hl_lines="6"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/update/tutorial001.py[ln:58-65]!}
```
<details>
<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
////
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/update/tutorial001_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/update/tutorial001.py!}
```
</details>
////
///
Up to that point, running that in the command line will output:
@@ -143,8 +212,11 @@ Hero: name='Spider-Boy' secret_name='Pedro Parqueador' age=None id=2
</div>
!!! tip
Notice that by this point, the hero still doesn't have an age.
/// tip
Notice that by this point, the hero still doesn't have an age.
///
## Set a Field Value
@@ -152,6 +224,20 @@ Now that you have a `hero` object, you can simply set the value of the field (th
In this case, we will set the `age` to `16`:
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python hl_lines="10"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/update/tutorial001_py310.py[ln:42-49]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python hl_lines="10"
# Code above omitted 👆
@@ -160,14 +246,27 @@ In this case, we will set the `age` to `16`:
# Code below omitted 👇
```
<details>
<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
////
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/update/tutorial001_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/update/tutorial001.py!}
```
</details>
////
///
## Add the Hero to the Session
@@ -175,6 +274,20 @@ Now that the hero object in memory has a change, in this case a new value for th
This is the same we did when creating new hero instances:
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python hl_lines="11"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/update/tutorial001_py310.py[ln:42-50]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python hl_lines="11"
# Code above omitted 👆
@@ -183,14 +296,27 @@ This is the same we did when creating new hero instances:
# Code below omitted 👇
```
<details>
<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
////
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/update/tutorial001_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/update/tutorial001.py!}
```
</details>
////
///
## Commit the Session
@@ -198,6 +324,20 @@ To save the current changes in the session, **commit** it.
This will save the updated hero in the database:
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python hl_lines="12"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/update/tutorial001_py310.py[ln:42-51]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python hl_lines="12"
# Code above omitted 👆
@@ -206,14 +346,27 @@ This will save the updated hero in the database:
# Code below omitted 👇
```
<details>
<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
////
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/update/tutorial001_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/update/tutorial001.py!}
```
</details>
////
///
It will also save anything else that was added to the session.
@@ -246,6 +399,20 @@ The data in the object would be automatically refreshed if we accessed an attrib
But in this example we are not accessing any attribute, we will only print the object. And we also want to be explicit, so we will `.refresh()` the object directly:
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python hl_lines="13"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/update/tutorial001_py310.py[ln:42-52]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python hl_lines="13"
# Code above omitted 👆
@@ -254,14 +421,27 @@ But in this example we are not accessing any attribute, we will only print the o
# Code below omitted 👇
```
<details>
<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
////
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/update/tutorial001_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/update/tutorial001.py!}
```
</details>
////
///
This refresh will trigger the same SQL query that would be automatically triggered by accessing an attribute. So it will generate this output:
@@ -287,6 +467,20 @@ INFO Engine [generated in 0.00018s] (2,)
Now we can just print the hero:
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python hl_lines="14"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/update/tutorial001_py310.py[ln:42-53]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python hl_lines="14"
# Code above omitted 👆
@@ -295,14 +489,27 @@ Now we can just print the hero:
# Code below omitted 👇
```
<details>
<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
////
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/update/tutorial001_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/update/tutorial001.py!}
```
</details>
////
///
Because we refreshed it right after updating it, it has fresh data, including the new `age` we just updated.
@@ -327,14 +534,31 @@ Updated hero: name='Spider-Boy' secret_name='Pedro Parqueador' age=16 id=2
Now let's review all that code:
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```{ .python .annotate hl_lines="42-53" }
{!./docs_src/tutorial/update/tutorial002_py310.py!}
```
{!./docs_src/tutorial/update/annotations/en/tutorial002.md!}
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```{ .python .annotate hl_lines="44-55" }
{!./docs_src/tutorial/update/tutorial002.py!}
```
{!./docs_src/tutorial/update/annotations/en/tutorial002.md!}
!!! tip
Check out the number bubbles to see what is done by each line of code.
////
/// tip
Check out the number bubbles to see what is done by each line of code.
///
## Multiple Updates
@@ -342,6 +566,22 @@ The update process with **SQLModel** is more or less the same as with creating n
This also means that you can update several fields (attributes, columns) at once, and you can also update several objects (heroes) at once:
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```{ .python .annotate hl_lines="15-17 19-21 23" }
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/update/tutorial004_py310.py[ln:42-68]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
{!./docs_src/tutorial/update/annotations/en/tutorial004.md!}
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```{ .python .annotate hl_lines="15-17 19-21 23" }
# Code above omitted 👆
@@ -352,17 +592,33 @@ This also means that you can update several fields (attributes, columns) at once
{!./docs_src/tutorial/update/annotations/en/tutorial004.md!}
<details>
<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
////
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/update/tutorial004_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/update/tutorial004.py!}
```
</details>
////
!!! tip
Review what each line does by clicking each number bubble in the code. 👆
///
/// tip
Review what each line does by clicking each number bubble in the code. 👆
///
## Recap

View File

@@ -31,14 +31,25 @@ We'll continue with the same examples we have been using in the previous chapter
And now we will update `select_heroes()` to filter the data.
<details>
<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python hl_lines="36-41"
{!./docs_src/tutorial/select/tutorial001_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python hl_lines="36-41"
{!./docs_src/tutorial/select/tutorial001.py!}
```
</details>
////
///
If you already executed the previous examples and have a database with data, **remove the database file** before running each example, that way you won't have duplicate data and you will be able to get the same results.
@@ -81,10 +92,13 @@ Then the database will bring a table like this:
</tr>
</table>
!!! tip
Even if the result is only one row, the database always returns a **table**.
/// tip
In this case, a table with only one row.
Even if the result is only one row, the database always returns a **table**.
In this case, a table with only one row.
///
You can try that out in **DB Browser for SQLite**:
@@ -187,6 +201,20 @@ Let's review some of the code we used to read data with **SQLModel**.
We care specially about the **select** statement:
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python hl_lines="5"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/select/tutorial001_py310.py[ln:34-39]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python hl_lines="5"
# Code above omitted 👆
@@ -195,19 +223,46 @@ We care specially about the **select** statement:
# Code below omitted 👇
```
<details>
<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
////
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/select/tutorial001_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/select/tutorial001.py!}
```
</details>
////
///
## Filter Rows Using `WHERE` with **SQLModel**
Now, the same way that we add `WHERE` to a SQL statement to filter rows, we can add a `.where()` to a **SQLModel** `select()` statement to filter rows, which will filter the objects returned:
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python hl_lines="5"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/where/tutorial001_py310.py[ln:34-39]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python hl_lines="5"
# Code above omitted 👆
@@ -216,14 +271,27 @@ Now, the same way that we add `WHERE` to a SQL statement to filter rows, we can
# Code below omitted 👇
```
<details>
<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
////
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/where/tutorial001_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/where/tutorial001.py!}
```
</details>
////
///
It's a very small change, but it's packed of details. Let's explore them.
@@ -268,10 +336,13 @@ So, what's happening there?
In the example above we are using two equal signs (`==`). That's called the "**equality operator**".
!!! tip
An **operator** is just a symbol that is put beside one value or in the middle of two values to do something with them.
/// tip
`==` is called the **equality** operator because it checks if two things are **equal**.
An **operator** is just a symbol that is put beside one value or in the middle of two values to do something with them.
`==` is called the **equality** operator because it checks if two things are **equal**.
///
When writing Python, if you write something using this equality operator (`==`) like:
@@ -291,8 +362,11 @@ True
False
```
!!! tip
`<`, `>`, `==`, `>=`, `<=`, and `!=` are all **operators** used for **comparisons**.
/// tip
`<`, `>`, `==`, `>=`, `<=`, and `!=` are all **operators** used for **comparisons**.
///
But SQLAlchemy adds some magic to the columns/fields in a **model class** to make those Python comparisons have super powers.
@@ -451,8 +525,11 @@ select(Hero).where(Hero.secret_name == "Pedro Parqueador")
I think that alone, having better editor support, autocompletion, and inline errors, is enough to make it worth having expressions instead of keyword arguments. ✨
!!! tip
**Expressions** also provide more features for other types of comparisons, shown down below. 👇
/// tip
**Expressions** also provide more features for other types of comparisons, shown down below. 👇
///
## Exec the Statement
@@ -460,6 +537,20 @@ Now that we know how `.where()` works, let's finish the code.
It's actually the same as in previous chapters for selecting data:
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python hl_lines="6-8"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/where/tutorial001_py310.py[ln:34-39]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python hl_lines="6-8"
# Code above omitted 👆
@@ -468,14 +559,27 @@ It's actually the same as in previous chapters for selecting data:
# Code below omitted 👇
```
<details>
<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
////
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/where/tutorial001_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/where/tutorial001.py!}
```
</details>
////
///
We take that statement, that now includes a `WHERE`, and we `exec()` it to get the results.
@@ -502,12 +606,15 @@ secret_name='Dive Wilson' age=None id=1 name='Deadpond'
</div>
!!! tip
The `results` object is an iterable to be used in a `for` loop.
/// tip
Even if we got only one row, we iterate over that `results` object. Just as if it was a list of one element.
The `results` object is an iterable to be used in a `for` loop.
We'll see other ways to get the data later.
Even if we got only one row, we iterate over that `results` object. Just as if it was a list of one element.
We'll see other ways to get the data later.
///
## Other Comparisons
@@ -521,6 +628,20 @@ But we can use other standard Python comparisons. ✨
We could get the rows where a column is **not** equal to a value using `!=`:
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python hl_lines="5"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/where/tutorial002_py310.py[ln:34-39]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python hl_lines="5"
# Code above omitted 👆
@@ -529,14 +650,27 @@ We could get the rows where a column is **not** equal to a value using `!=`:
# Code below omitted 👇
```
<details>
<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
////
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/where/tutorial002_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/where/tutorial002.py!}
```
</details>
////
///
That would output:
@@ -549,6 +683,20 @@ secret_name='Tommy Sharp' age=48 id=3 name='Rusty-Man'
Let's update the function `create_heroes()` and add some more rows to make the next comparison examples clearer:
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python hl_lines="4-10 13-19"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/where/tutorial003_py310.py[ln:21-39]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python hl_lines="4-10 13-19"
# Code above omitted 👆
@@ -557,14 +705,27 @@ Let's update the function `create_heroes()` and add some more rows to make the n
# Code below omitted 👇
```
<details>
<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
////
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/where/tutorial003_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/where/tutorial003.py!}
```
</details>
////
///
Now that we have several heroes with different ages, it's gonna be more obvious what the next comparisons do.
@@ -572,6 +733,20 @@ Now that we have several heroes with different ages, it's gonna be more obvious
Now let's use `>` to get the rows where a column is **more than** a value:
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python hl_lines="5"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/where/tutorial003_py310.py[ln:42-47]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python hl_lines="5"
# Code above omitted 👆
@@ -580,14 +755,27 @@ Now let's use `>` to get the rows where a column is **more than** a value:
# Code below omitted 👇
```
<details>
<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
////
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/where/tutorial003_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/where/tutorial003.py!}
```
</details>
////
///
That would output:
@@ -597,13 +785,30 @@ age=36 id=6 name='Dr. Weird' secret_name='Steve Weird'
age=93 id=7 name='Captain North America' secret_name='Esteban Rogelios'
```
!!! tip
Notice that it didn't select `Black Lion`, because the age is not *strictly* greater than `35`.
/// tip
Notice that it didn't select `Black Lion`, because the age is not *strictly* greater than `35`.
///
### More Than or Equal
Let's do that again, but with `>=` to get the rows where a column is **more than or equal** to a value:
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python hl_lines="5"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/where/tutorial004_py310.py[ln:42-47]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python hl_lines="5"
# Code above omitted 👆
@@ -612,14 +817,27 @@ Let's do that again, but with `>=` to get the rows where a column is **more than
# Code below omitted 👇
```
<details>
<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
////
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/where/tutorial004_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/where/tutorial004.py!}
```
</details>
////
///
Because we are using `>=`, the age `35` will be included in the output:
@@ -630,13 +848,30 @@ age=36 id=6 name='Dr. Weird' secret_name='Steve Weird'
age=93 id=7 name='Captain North America' secret_name='Esteban Rogelios'
```
!!! tip
This time we got `Black Lion` too because although the age is not *strictly* greater than `35`it is *equal* to `35`.
/// tip
This time we got `Black Lion` too because although the age is not *strictly* greater than `35`it is *equal* to `35`.
///
### Less Than
Similarly, we can use `<` to get the rows where a column is **less than** a value:
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python hl_lines="5"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/where/tutorial005_py310.py[ln:42-47]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python hl_lines="5"
# Code above omitted 👆
@@ -645,14 +880,27 @@ Similarly, we can use `<` to get the rows where a column is **less than** a valu
# Code below omitted 👇
```
<details>
<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
////
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/where/tutorial005_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/where/tutorial005.py!}
```
</details>
////
///
And we get the younger one with an age in the database:
@@ -660,13 +908,30 @@ And we get the younger one with an age in the database:
age=32 id=4 name='Tarantula' secret_name='Natalia Roman-on'
```
!!! tip
We could imagine that **Spider-Boy** is even **younger**. But because we don't know the age, it is `NULL` in the database (`None` in Python), it doesn't match any of these age comparisons with numbers.
/// tip
We could imagine that **Spider-Boy** is even **younger**. But because we don't know the age, it is `NULL` in the database (`None` in Python), it doesn't match any of these age comparisons with numbers.
///
### Less Than or Equal
Finally, we can use `<=` to get the rows where a column is **less than or equal** to a value:
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python hl_lines="5"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/where/tutorial006_py310.py[ln:42-47]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python hl_lines="5"
# Code above omitted 👆
@@ -675,14 +940,27 @@ Finally, we can use `<=` to get the rows where a column is **less than or equal*
# Code below omitted 👇
```
<details>
<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
////
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/where/tutorial006_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/where/tutorial006.py!}
```
</details>
////
///
And we get the younger ones, `35` and below:
@@ -691,8 +969,11 @@ age=32 id=4 name='Tarantula' secret_name='Natalia Roman-on'
age=35 id=5 name='Black Lion' secret_name='Trevor Challa'
```
!!! tip
We get `Black Lion` here too because although the age is not *strictly* less than `35` it is *equal* to `35`.
/// tip
We get `Black Lion` here too because although the age is not *strictly* less than `35` it is *equal* to `35`.
///
### Benefits of Expressions
@@ -704,6 +985,20 @@ We can use the same standard Python comparison operators like `<`, `<=`, `>`, `>
Because `.where()` returns the same special select object back, we can add more `.where()` calls to it:
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python hl_lines="5"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/where/tutorial007_py310.py[ln:42-47]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python hl_lines="5"
# Code above omitted 👆
@@ -712,14 +1007,27 @@ Because `.where()` returns the same special select object back, we can add more
# Code below omitted 👇
```
<details>
<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
////
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/where/tutorial007_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/where/tutorial007.py!}
```
</details>
////
///
This will select the rows `WHERE` the `age` is **greater than or equal** to `35`, `AND` also the `age` is **less than** `40`.
@@ -760,6 +1068,20 @@ age=36 id=6 name='Dr. Weird' secret_name='Steve Weird'
As an alternative to using multiple `.where()` we can also pass several expressions to a single `.where()`:
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python hl_lines="5"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/where/tutorial008_py310.py[ln:42-47]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python hl_lines="5"
# Code above omitted 👆
@@ -768,14 +1090,27 @@ As an alternative to using multiple `.where()` we can also pass several expressi
# Code below omitted 👇
```
<details>
<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
////
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/where/tutorial008_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/where/tutorial008.py!}
```
</details>
////
///
This is the same as the above, and will result in the same output with the two heroes:
@@ -792,25 +1127,64 @@ But we can also combine expressions using `OR`. Which means that **any** (but no
To do it, you can import `or_`:
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python hl_lines="1"
{!./docs_src/tutorial/where/tutorial009_py310.py[ln:1]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python hl_lines="3"
{!./docs_src/tutorial/where/tutorial009.py[ln:1-3]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
<details>
<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
////
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/where/tutorial009_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/where/tutorial009.py!}
```
</details>
////
///
And then pass both expressions to `or_()` and put it inside `.where()`.
For example, here we select the heroes that are the youngest OR the oldest:
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python hl_lines="5"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/where/tutorial009_py310.py[ln:42-47]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python hl_lines="5"
# Code above omitted 👆
@@ -819,14 +1193,27 @@ For example, here we select the heroes that are the youngest OR the oldest:
# Code below omitted 👇
```
<details>
<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
////
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/where/tutorial009_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/where/tutorial009.py!}
```
</details>
////
///
When we run it, this generates the output:
@@ -877,23 +1264,62 @@ We can tell the editor that this class attribute is actually a special **SQLMode
To do that, we can import `col()` (as short for "column"):
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python hl_lines="1"
{!./docs_src/tutorial/where/tutorial011_py310.py[ln:1]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python hl_lines="3"
{!./docs_src/tutorial/where/tutorial011.py[ln:1-3]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
<details>
<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
////
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/where/tutorial011_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/where/tutorial011.py!}
```
</details>
////
///
And then put the **class attribute** inside `col()` when using it in a `.where()`:
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python hl_lines="5"
# Code above omitted 👆
{!./docs_src/tutorial/where/tutorial011_py310.py[ln:42-47]!}
# Code below omitted 👇
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python hl_lines="5"
# Code above omitted 👆
@@ -902,14 +1328,27 @@ And then put the **class attribute** inside `col()` when using it in a `.where()
# Code below omitted 👇
```
<details>
<summary>👀 Full file preview</summary>
////
/// details | 👀 Full file preview
//// tab | Python 3.10+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/where/tutorial011_py310.py!}
```
////
//// tab | Python 3.7+
```Python
{!./docs_src/tutorial/where/tutorial011.py!}
```
</details>
////
///
So, now the comparison is not:
@@ -925,10 +1364,13 @@ col(Hero.age) > 35
And with that the editor knows this code is actually fine, because this is a special **SQLModel** column.
!!! tip
That `col()` will come handy later, giving autocompletion to several other things we can do with these special **class attributes** for columns.
/// tip
But we'll get there later.
That `col()` will come handy later, giving autocompletion to several other things we can do with these special **class attributes** for columns.
But we'll get there later.
///
## Recap

View File

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
from decimal import Decimal
from typing import Optional
from pydantic import condecimal
from sqlmodel import Field, Session, SQLModel, create_engine, select
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ class Hero(SQLModel, table=True):
name: str = Field(index=True)
secret_name: str
age: Optional[int] = Field(default=None, index=True)
money: condecimal(max_digits=5, decimal_places=3) = Field(default=0)
money: Decimal = Field(default=0, max_digits=5, decimal_places=3)
sqlite_file_name = "database.db"

View File

@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
from decimal import Decimal
from sqlmodel import Field, Session, SQLModel, create_engine, select
class Hero(SQLModel, table=True):
id: int | None = Field(default=None, primary_key=True)
name: str = Field(index=True)
secret_name: str
age: int | None = Field(default=None, index=True)
money: Decimal = Field(default=0, max_digits=5, decimal_places=3)
sqlite_file_name = "database.db"
sqlite_url = f"sqlite:///{sqlite_file_name}"
engine = create_engine(sqlite_url, echo=True)
def create_db_and_tables():
SQLModel.metadata.create_all(engine)
def create_heroes():
hero_1 = Hero(name="Deadpond", secret_name="Dive Wilson", money=1.1)
hero_2 = Hero(name="Spider-Boy", secret_name="Pedro Parqueador", money=0.001)
hero_3 = Hero(name="Rusty-Man", secret_name="Tommy Sharp", age=48, money=2.2)
with Session(engine) as session:
session.add(hero_1)
session.add(hero_2)
session.add(hero_3)
session.commit()
def select_heroes():
with Session(engine) as session:
statement = select(Hero).where(Hero.name == "Deadpond")
results = session.exec(statement)
hero_1 = results.one()
print("Hero 1:", hero_1)
statement = select(Hero).where(Hero.name == "Rusty-Man")
results = session.exec(statement)
hero_2 = results.one()
print("Hero 2:", hero_2)
total_money = hero_1.money + hero_2.money
print(f"Total money: {total_money}")
def main():
create_db_and_tables()
create_heroes()
select_heroes()
if __name__ == "__main__":
main()

View File

@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
from sqlmodel import Field, Session, SQLModel, create_engine
class Hero(SQLModel, table=True):
id: int | None = Field(default=None, primary_key=True)
name: str
secret_name: str
age: int | None = None
sqlite_file_name = "database.db"
sqlite_url = f"sqlite:///{sqlite_file_name}"
engine = create_engine(sqlite_url, echo=True)
def create_db_and_tables():
SQLModel.metadata.create_all(engine)
def create_heroes():
hero_1 = Hero(name="Deadpond", secret_name="Dive Wilson")
hero_2 = Hero(name="Spider-Boy", secret_name="Pedro Parqueador")
hero_3 = Hero(name="Rusty-Man", secret_name="Tommy Sharp", age=48)
print("Before interacting with the database")
print("Hero 1:", hero_1)
print("Hero 2:", hero_2)
print("Hero 3:", hero_3)
with Session(engine) as session:
session.add(hero_1)
session.add(hero_2)
session.add(hero_3)
print("After adding to the session")
print("Hero 1:", hero_1)
print("Hero 2:", hero_2)
print("Hero 3:", hero_3)
session.commit()
print("After committing the session")
print("Hero 1:", hero_1)
print("Hero 2:", hero_2)
print("Hero 3:", hero_3)
print("After committing the session, show IDs")
print("Hero 1 ID:", hero_1.id)
print("Hero 2 ID:", hero_2.id)
print("Hero 3 ID:", hero_3.id)
print("After committing the session, show names")
print("Hero 1 name:", hero_1.name)
print("Hero 2 name:", hero_2.name)
print("Hero 3 name:", hero_3.name)
session.refresh(hero_1)
session.refresh(hero_2)
session.refresh(hero_3)
print("After refreshing the heroes")
print("Hero 1:", hero_1)
print("Hero 2:", hero_2)
print("Hero 3:", hero_3)
print("After the session closes")
print("Hero 1:", hero_1)
print("Hero 2:", hero_2)
print("Hero 3:", hero_3)
def main():
create_db_and_tables()
create_heroes()
if __name__ == "__main__":
main()

View File

@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
from sqlmodel import Field, Session, SQLModel, create_engine
class Hero(SQLModel, table=True):
id: int | None = Field(default=None, primary_key=True)
name: str
secret_name: str
age: int | None = None
sqlite_file_name = "database.db"
sqlite_url = f"sqlite:///{sqlite_file_name}"
engine = create_engine(sqlite_url, echo=True)
def create_db_and_tables():
SQLModel.metadata.create_all(engine)
def create_heroes():
hero_1 = Hero(name="Deadpond", secret_name="Dive Wilson") # (1)!
hero_2 = Hero(name="Spider-Boy", secret_name="Pedro Parqueador") # (2)!
hero_3 = Hero(name="Rusty-Man", secret_name="Tommy Sharp", age=48) # (3)!
print("Before interacting with the database") # (4)!
print("Hero 1:", hero_1) # (5)!
print("Hero 2:", hero_2) # (6)!
print("Hero 3:", hero_3) # (7)!
with Session(engine) as session: # (8)!
session.add(hero_1) # (9)!
session.add(hero_2) # (10)!
session.add(hero_3) # (11)!
print("After adding to the session") # (12)!
print("Hero 1:", hero_1) # (13)!
print("Hero 2:", hero_2) # (14)!
print("Hero 3:", hero_3) # (15)!
session.commit() # (16)!
print("After committing the session") # (17)!
print("Hero 1:", hero_1) # (18)!
print("Hero 2:", hero_2) # (19)!
print("Hero 3:", hero_3) # (20)!
print("After committing the session, show IDs") # (21)!
print("Hero 1 ID:", hero_1.id) # (22)!
print("Hero 2 ID:", hero_2.id) # (23)!
print("Hero 3 ID:", hero_3.id) # (24)!
print("After committing the session, show names") # (25)!
print("Hero 1 name:", hero_1.name) # (26)!
print("Hero 2 name:", hero_2.name) # (27)!
print("Hero 3 name:", hero_3.name) # (28)!
session.refresh(hero_1) # (29)!
session.refresh(hero_2) # (30)!
session.refresh(hero_3) # (31)!
print("After refreshing the heroes") # (32)!
print("Hero 1:", hero_1) # (33)!
print("Hero 2:", hero_2) # (34)!
print("Hero 3:", hero_3) # (35)!
# (36)!
print("After the session closes") # (37)!
print("Hero 1:", hero_1) # (38)!
print("Hero 2:", hero_2) # (39)!
print("Hero 3:", hero_3) # (40)!
def main():
create_db_and_tables()
create_heroes()
if __name__ == "__main__":
main()

View File

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ from .models import Hero, Team
def create_heroes():
with Session(engine) as session:
team_z_force = Team(name="Z-Force", headquarters="Sister Margarets Bar")
team_z_force = Team(name="Z-Force", headquarters="Sister Margaret's Bar")
hero_deadpond = Hero(
name="Deadpond", secret_name="Dive Wilson", team=team_z_force

View File

@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
from sqlmodel import Session
from .database import create_db_and_tables, engine
from .models import Hero, Team
def create_heroes():
with Session(engine) as session:
team_z_force = Team(name="Z-Force", headquarters="Sister Margaret's Bar")
hero_deadpond = Hero(
name="Deadpond", secret_name="Dive Wilson", team=team_z_force
)
session.add(hero_deadpond)
session.commit()
session.refresh(hero_deadpond)
print("Created hero:", hero_deadpond)
print("Hero's team:", hero_deadpond.team)
def main():
create_db_and_tables()
create_heroes()
if __name__ == "__main__":
main()

View File

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
from sqlmodel import SQLModel, create_engine
sqlite_file_name = "database.db"
sqlite_url = f"sqlite:///{sqlite_file_name}"
engine = create_engine(sqlite_url)
def create_db_and_tables():
SQLModel.metadata.create_all(engine)

View File

@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
from sqlmodel import Field, Relationship, SQLModel
class Team(SQLModel, table=True):
id: int | None = Field(default=None, primary_key=True)
name: str = Field(index=True)
headquarters: str
heroes: list["Hero"] = Relationship(back_populates="team")
class Hero(SQLModel, table=True):
id: int | None = Field(default=None, primary_key=True)
name: str = Field(index=True)
secret_name: str
age: int | None = Field(default=None, index=True)
team_id: int | None = Field(default=None, foreign_key="team.id")
team: Team | None = Relationship(back_populates="heroes")

View File

@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
from sqlmodel import Session
from .database import create_db_and_tables, engine
from .models import Hero, Team
def create_heroes():
with Session(engine) as session:
team_z_force = Team(name="Z-Force", headquarters="Sister Margaret's Bar")
hero_deadpond = Hero(
name="Deadpond", secret_name="Dive Wilson", team=team_z_force
)
session.add(hero_deadpond)
session.commit()
session.refresh(hero_deadpond)
print("Created hero:", hero_deadpond)
print("Hero's team:", hero_deadpond.team)
def main():
create_db_and_tables()
create_heroes()
if __name__ == "__main__":
main()

View File

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
from sqlmodel import SQLModel, create_engine
sqlite_file_name = "database.db"
sqlite_url = f"sqlite:///{sqlite_file_name}"
engine = create_engine(sqlite_url)
def create_db_and_tables():
SQLModel.metadata.create_all(engine)

View File

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
from typing import Optional
from sqlmodel import Field, Relationship, SQLModel
class Team(SQLModel, table=True):
id: Optional[int] = Field(default=None, primary_key=True)
name: str = Field(index=True)
headquarters: str
heroes: list["Hero"] = Relationship(back_populates="team")
class Hero(SQLModel, table=True):
id: Optional[int] = Field(default=None, primary_key=True)
name: str = Field(index=True)
secret_name: str
age: Optional[int] = Field(default=None, index=True)
team_id: Optional[int] = Field(default=None, foreign_key="team.id")
team: Optional[Team] = Relationship(back_populates="heroes")

View File

@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ from .team_model import Team
def create_heroes():
with Session(engine) as session:
team_z_force = Team(name="Z-Force", headquarters="Sister Margarets Bar")
team_z_force = Team(name="Z-Force", headquarters="Sister Margaret's Bar")
hero_deadpond = Hero(
name="Deadpond", secret_name="Dive Wilson", team=team_z_force

View File

@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
from sqlmodel import Session
from .database import create_db_and_tables, engine
from .hero_model import Hero
from .team_model import Team
def create_heroes():
with Session(engine) as session:
team_z_force = Team(name="Z-Force", headquarters="Sister Margaret's Bar")
hero_deadpond = Hero(
name="Deadpond", secret_name="Dive Wilson", team=team_z_force
)
session.add(hero_deadpond)
session.commit()
session.refresh(hero_deadpond)
print("Created hero:", hero_deadpond)
print("Hero's team:", hero_deadpond.team)
def main():
create_db_and_tables()
create_heroes()
if __name__ == "__main__":
main()

View File

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
from sqlmodel import SQLModel, create_engine
sqlite_file_name = "database.db"
sqlite_url = f"sqlite:///{sqlite_file_name}"
engine = create_engine(sqlite_url)
def create_db_and_tables():
SQLModel.metadata.create_all(engine)

View File

@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Optional
from sqlmodel import Field, Relationship, SQLModel
if TYPE_CHECKING:
from .team_model import Team
class Hero(SQLModel, table=True):
id: int | None = Field(default=None, primary_key=True)
name: str = Field(index=True)
secret_name: str
age: int | None = Field(default=None, index=True)
team_id: int | None = Field(default=None, foreign_key="team.id")
team: Optional["Team"] = Relationship(back_populates="heroes")

View File

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
from sqlmodel import Field, Relationship, SQLModel
if TYPE_CHECKING:
from .hero_model import Hero
class Team(SQLModel, table=True):
id: int | None = Field(default=None, primary_key=True)
name: str = Field(index=True)
headquarters: str
heroes: list["Hero"] = Relationship(back_populates="team")

View File

@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
from sqlmodel import Session
from .database import create_db_and_tables, engine
from .hero_model import Hero
from .team_model import Team
def create_heroes():
with Session(engine) as session:
team_z_force = Team(name="Z-Force", headquarters="Sister Margaret's Bar")
hero_deadpond = Hero(
name="Deadpond", secret_name="Dive Wilson", team=team_z_force
)
session.add(hero_deadpond)
session.commit()
session.refresh(hero_deadpond)
print("Created hero:", hero_deadpond)
print("Hero's team:", hero_deadpond.team)
def main():
create_db_and_tables()
create_heroes()
if __name__ == "__main__":
main()

View File

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
from sqlmodel import SQLModel, create_engine
sqlite_file_name = "database.db"
sqlite_url = f"sqlite:///{sqlite_file_name}"
engine = create_engine(sqlite_url)
def create_db_and_tables():
SQLModel.metadata.create_all(engine)

View File

@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Optional
from sqlmodel import Field, Relationship, SQLModel
if TYPE_CHECKING:
from .team_model import Team
class Hero(SQLModel, table=True):
id: Optional[int] = Field(default=None, primary_key=True)
name: str = Field(index=True)
secret_name: str
age: Optional[int] = Field(default=None, index=True)
team_id: Optional[int] = Field(default=None, foreign_key="team.id")
team: Optional["Team"] = Relationship(back_populates="heroes")

View File

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Optional
from sqlmodel import Field, Relationship, SQLModel
if TYPE_CHECKING:
from .hero_model import Hero
class Team(SQLModel, table=True):
id: Optional[int] = Field(default=None, primary_key=True)
name: str = Field(index=True)
headquarters: str
heroes: list["Hero"] = Relationship(back_populates="team")

View File

@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
from sqlmodel import Field, SQLModel, create_engine
class Team(SQLModel, table=True):
id: int | None = Field(default=None, primary_key=True)
name: str = Field(index=True)
headquarters: str
class Hero(SQLModel, table=True):
id: int | None = Field(default=None, primary_key=True)
name: str = Field(index=True)
secret_name: str
age: int | None = Field(default=None, index=True)
team_id: int | None = Field(default=None, foreign_key="team.id")
sqlite_file_name = "database.db"
sqlite_url = f"sqlite:///{sqlite_file_name}"
engine = create_engine(sqlite_url, echo=True)
def create_db_and_tables():
SQLModel.metadata.create_all(engine)
def main():
create_db_and_tables()
if __name__ == "__main__":
main()

View File

@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ def create_db_and_tables():
def create_heroes():
with Session(engine) as session:
team_preventers = Team(name="Preventers", headquarters="Sharp Tower")
team_z_force = Team(name="Z-Force", headquarters="Sister Margarets Bar")
team_z_force = Team(name="Z-Force", headquarters="Sister Margaret's Bar")
session.add(team_preventers)
session.add(team_z_force)
session.commit()

View File

@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
from sqlmodel import Field, Session, SQLModel, create_engine
class Team(SQLModel, table=True):
id: int | None = Field(default=None, primary_key=True)
name: str = Field(index=True)
headquarters: str
class Hero(SQLModel, table=True):
id: int | None = Field(default=None, primary_key=True)
name: str = Field(index=True)
secret_name: str
age: int | None = Field(default=None, index=True)
team_id: int | None = Field(default=None, foreign_key="team.id")
sqlite_file_name = "database.db"
sqlite_url = f"sqlite:///{sqlite_file_name}"
engine = create_engine(sqlite_url, echo=True)
def create_db_and_tables():
SQLModel.metadata.create_all(engine)
def create_heroes():
with Session(engine) as session:
team_preventers = Team(name="Preventers", headquarters="Sharp Tower")
team_z_force = Team(name="Z-Force", headquarters="Sister Margaret's Bar")
session.add(team_preventers)
session.add(team_z_force)
session.commit()
hero_deadpond = Hero(
name="Deadpond", secret_name="Dive Wilson", team_id=team_z_force.id
)
hero_rusty_man = Hero(
name="Rusty-Man",
secret_name="Tommy Sharp",
age=48,
team_id=team_preventers.id,
)
hero_spider_boy = Hero(name="Spider-Boy", secret_name="Pedro Parqueador")
session.add(hero_deadpond)
session.add(hero_rusty_man)
session.add(hero_spider_boy)
session.commit()
session.refresh(hero_deadpond)
session.refresh(hero_rusty_man)
session.refresh(hero_spider_boy)
print("Created hero:", hero_deadpond)
print("Created hero:", hero_rusty_man)
print("Created hero:", hero_spider_boy)
hero_spider_boy.team_id = team_preventers.id
session.add(hero_spider_boy)
session.commit()
session.refresh(hero_spider_boy)
print("Updated hero:", hero_spider_boy)
hero_spider_boy.team_id = None
session.add(hero_spider_boy)
session.commit()
session.refresh(hero_spider_boy)
print("No longer Preventer:", hero_spider_boy)
def main():
create_db_and_tables()
create_heroes()
if __name__ == "__main__":
main()

View File

@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ def create_db_and_tables():
def create_heroes():
with Session(engine) as session:
team_preventers = Team(name="Preventers", headquarters="Sharp Tower")
team_z_force = Team(name="Z-Force", headquarters="Sister Margarets Bar")
team_z_force = Team(name="Z-Force", headquarters="Sister Margaret's Bar")
session.add(team_preventers)
session.add(team_z_force)
session.commit()

View File

@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
from sqlmodel import Field, Session, SQLModel, create_engine
class Team(SQLModel, table=True):
id: int | None = Field(default=None, primary_key=True)
name: str = Field(index=True)
headquarters: str
class Hero(SQLModel, table=True):
id: int | None = Field(default=None, primary_key=True)
name: str = Field(index=True)
secret_name: str
age: int | None = Field(default=None, index=True)
team_id: int | None = Field(default=None, foreign_key="team.id")
sqlite_file_name = "database.db"
sqlite_url = f"sqlite:///{sqlite_file_name}"
engine = create_engine(sqlite_url, echo=True)
def create_db_and_tables():
SQLModel.metadata.create_all(engine)
def create_heroes():
with Session(engine) as session:
team_preventers = Team(name="Preventers", headquarters="Sharp Tower")
team_z_force = Team(name="Z-Force", headquarters="Sister Margaret's Bar")
session.add(team_preventers)
session.add(team_z_force)
session.commit()
hero_deadpond = Hero(
name="Deadpond", secret_name="Dive Wilson", team_id=team_z_force.id
)
hero_rusty_man = Hero(
name="Rusty-Man",
secret_name="Tommy Sharp",
age=48,
team_id=team_preventers.id,
)
hero_spider_boy = Hero(name="Spider-Boy", secret_name="Pedro Parqueador")
session.add(hero_deadpond)
session.add(hero_rusty_man)
session.add(hero_spider_boy)
session.commit()
session.refresh(hero_deadpond)
session.refresh(hero_rusty_man)
session.refresh(hero_spider_boy)
print("Created hero:", hero_deadpond)
print("Created hero:", hero_rusty_man)
print("Created hero:", hero_spider_boy)
def main():
create_db_and_tables()
create_heroes()
if __name__ == "__main__":
main()

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